生态损害法律责任体系化的规范进路

The Standard Approach Systematic Legal liability for Ecological Damage

我国《民法典》第1234条和第1235条确立了“民事”性的生态损害修复责任和生态损害赔偿责任,在实践中极易引发民事、行政、刑事三重法律责任聚合的制度困境,进而导致同一责任人就同一生态损害事实承担畸轻畸重的生态损害责任。解决责任聚合现象的前提是明确生态损害法律责任的法律属性。跻身于民法体系中的生态损害责任的法律属性应当是公法责任。在此基础上,基于法解释视角,化解生态损害责任聚合困境的出路是确立有机统一的法律责任适用规则。一般而言,生态损害责任的法律适用应当以修复性责任优先,并避免“重复修复”。各类惩罚性责任应当折抵,并适用比例原则,以避免责任总和过重;在立法论维度,基于领域法视角,有必要通过制定专门法构建有机统一的生态损害法律责任体系,并依托环境司法三审合一化解生态损害责任聚合困境。

Since Articles 1234 and 1235 of China’s"Civil Code"are established as ecological damage restoration and compensation liability,in practice,it is very easy to lead to the institutional dilemma of the aggregation of civil,administrative and criminal legal liabilities,and then lead to the same responsibility bearer,bearing the responsibility for the ecological damage that is too light or too heavy.The premise of solving the phenomenon of liability aggregation is to clarify the legal attributes of legal liability for ecological damage.The legal attribute of ecological damage liability in the civil law system should be public law responsibility.On this basis,from the perspective of legal interpretation,the solution to the dilemma of the aggregation of ecological damage liability is to establish an organic and unified application of legal liability rules.Generally speaking,remedial responsibilities should be prioritized and"repetitive remediation"should be avoided;various punitive responsibilities should be offset and the principle of proportionality should be applied to avoid excessive total responsibilities.From the perspective of domain law,it is necessary to establish an organic and unified legal liability system for ecological damage by formulating special laws,and relying on the integration of three trials of environmental justice to resolve the dilemma of ecological damage liability aggregation.