巴蔡·尼玛扎中观哲学思想阐释——基于新发现的写本《中观问答录》

Research on the Philosophy of Madhyamaka by Patsab Nyimadrak--referencing to the Newly identified Manuscript Letter of Madhyamaka

巴蔡·尼玛扎是公元11-12世纪推进藏传佛教般若中观理论实现本土化、中国化的代表人物。他在归纳和总结前人中观思想的基础上,系统阐述了印度月称大师一系的哲学观点,并创造性地提出“中观自续”和“中观应承”的概念,使藏传佛教般若中观思想完成了从中观自续派向中观应承派的“哲学转向”,从而推动了藏传佛教思想本土化、中国化的历史进程。文章通过对巴蔡所著《中观问答录》的梳理和分析,得出如下结论:一、巴蔡以中观普遍承认的理论为纲,高屋建地答夏惹瓦之所问,因而文本未体现巴蔡应承中观见的理论倾向;二、引述的经典除龙树外,月称一系的论典占多数,这在一定程度上映射了巴氏“应承”之旨趣;三、“中观”与“道次第”思想范畴的高度融合是该文本在内容上的重要特点。鉴于此,笔者提出巴蔡基于自身经验和西藏语境对中观义理所作的普遍化、个性化阐释,体现了公元11-12世纪藏传佛教般若中观理论本土化、中国化的时代特色。

Nyimadrak is a representative figure of the further localization and sinicization of the Madhyamaka theory in Tibetan Buddhism in the 11th to 12th centuries AD.On the basis of summarizing the predecessor's Madhyamaka thought,he systematically expounded Candrakirti's philosophical views,and creatively put forward the concepts of"svatantrika"and"Prasangika"to make Tibetan Buddhist Madhyamaka thought completed the"philosophical turn",which also promoted the historical process of localization and sinicization of Tibetan Buddhist thoughts.After combing and analyzing the"the Letter of Madhyamaka"written by Patsab,the following conclusions can be drawn:first of all,Patsab answered the questions of Sharaba on the basis of the generally recognized theory of Madhyamika.Thus,this text does not reflect the Prasangika tendency of Patsab;Secondly,in addition to Tom's monographs,many of Tony's articles are cited,thus reflecting his"Prasanga"interests;Finally,in terms of the content of this text,the integration of"Middle Way"and"Gradual Path"thought is significant.It can be seen from conclusions that Patsab made a universal and individualized interpretation of Madhyamaka theory based on his own experience and Tibetan context.This academic perspective reflects the characteristics of the localization and sinicization of Tibetan Buddhist Madhyamaka theory from the 11th to 12th centuries.