“原状”的困惑——关于不可移动文物保护原则的再思考

Confusions on the ‘Original State’:Rethinking the Conservation Principles of Immovable Cultural Relics

“不改变文物原状”是写入《中华人民共和国文物保护法》的不可移动文物保护原则,其中“原状”一词,也成为中国遗产保护理论中的一个核心词汇。该原则的理论源头是梁思成先生对西方文物古迹保护中两种对待古迹的基本方式,即保存“conservation”和修复“restoration”的本土化表达。文章通过追溯这条原则的诞生及其之后随着时代变迁而产生的变化,指出“不改变文物原状”原则否定句式的严厉表述,在当时的历史条件下起到了重要作用,但作为法律条文,这条原则多重内涵带来的折中性及其所暗示的绝对信念,使它有许多令人困惑的地方。以上现象也同样表现在与“原状”相应出现的“四原”理论和对“原真性”的翻译上。这些困惑的阐明有助于学界对保护原则的进一步理论探索。

‘Keeping the immovable cultural relics in their original state’ is the conservation principle(hereafter,the Principle) for immovable cultural relics defined in the Cultural Relics Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China.The ‘original state’ has become a keyword in Chinese heritage conservation philosophy.The Principle originated from Liang Sicheng’s localised interpretation of two opposing schools of thought on the protection of monuments and sites in the Euro-American context:conservation and restoration.This article traces the origins and evolution of the Principle.It argues that its restrictive expression and negative phrasing were instrumental in the historical context at the time.However,as a legal provision,the eclectic interpretations of the Principle and that it implies an absolute definition of the ‘original state’ make it confusing and misleading.Moreover,the article points out that the same ambiguities also exist in the concepts of the ‘four originals’ and yuanzhen xing(a Chinese translation of ‘authenticity’) by associations with the Principle.Upon elucidating these ambiguities,further exploration of a more nuanced phrasing of the Principle can follow.