超越社会住宅——英国公园山公寓的更新及对我国保护类福利住宅的启示

Beyond Council Housing:Park Hill Flats Regeneration in Britain and Its Inspiration for Protected Social Housing in China

英国公园山公寓是闻名于世的粗野主义代表作。文章首先分析了三个原始设计的要点——空中街道、“H”模块和社会公平,它们蕴含着推动福利国家社会改革的雄心。继而,结合英格兰遗产委员会对《登录建筑许可申请书》的回复,展开更新改造与原始设计的比较,分析英国社会住宅转型的应对策略。研究认为,面对我国保护类住宅更新缺乏开发商有效参与,缺乏社会空间和物质载体的结合等难点,公园山公寓市场化改造道路的可借鉴意义在于:中央政府和地方政府通过公共政策、资金补助推动将社会住宅转变为可负担住宅;高度细分的开发商共同促进了多种资本和资源介入保护更新;建筑最终从历史溯源中发展出崭新的设计。

The Park Hill Flats(hereafter,Park Hill)in Britain is a renowned example of Brutalist architecture.This article analyses three essential aspects of the original design:the ‘streets in the sky’,the ‘H’ module,and social equity.Park Hill embodies the ambition to drive social reforms for a welfare state with industrialisation.The article examines English Heritage’s response to the Listed Building Consent application for Park Hill’s regeneration,compares the regeneration design with the original design,and analyses the strategies for the transformation of British social housing.In China,there are many social housings,among which the high-quality ones have already been listed as cultural properties and protected by national or local heritage legislation.The article argues that there are three lessons worth learning from the market-oriented transformation of Park Hill,particularly for the lack of effective participation of real-estate developers in protected social housing’s regeneration and the lack of integration of social space and its tangible manifestations in China.First is that the central and local governments can encourage transforming social housing into affordable housing through public policies and financial subsidies.Second,highly specialised developers can collectively introduce various capitals and resources for regeneration.Lastly,innovative designs can emerge through the regeneration of historic buildings.