朝隐与山水:魏晋南北朝隐逸观的新转向

Hermitage and Landscape:A New Turn in the View of Hermitage in Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasty

魏晋南北朝时期以老庄思想为核心的玄学成为思想的主流。士人对于“仕”与“隐”的态度也不再囿于传统儒家的以“仕”为理想、以“隐”为被动的选择和暂时的退路观念,而是在老庄无为逍遥思想的影响下“自觉”进行的主动追求。政治形势的变化和老庄思想的流行使魏晋南北朝时期形成一种新的隐逸观——朝隐。朝隐巧妙地将仕与隐统一起来,以仕为隐,即仕即隐,它是文人士大夫阶层与统治阶级斗争调和的结果,也是老庄思想流行后士大夫独特的处世哲学的体现。士大夫可以不再面对仕进与退隐的艰难抉择,庙堂与山林成为士大夫可以兼得的人生理想。在这种新的人生态度和生活模式中,山水作为自然符号成为士大夫所追逐的对象,成为他们对精神自由的寄托。

During the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasty,metaphysics,with Lao Zhuang thought as its core,became the mainstream of thought.The attitude of the scholars toward“official career”and“seclusion”was no longer confined to the traditional Confucian concept of“official career”as the ideal and“seclusion”as a passive choice and temporary retreat.Instead,they were“consciously”pursued under the influence of Laozhuang’s idea of inaction and freedom.The changing political situation and the popularity of Laozhuang’s thought led to the formation of a new view of seclusion duringthe Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasty-Hermitage.It was the result of reconciling the struggle between the literati and the ruling class,and was also a reflection of the unique philosophy of the scholars after the popularity of Laozhuang thought.The scholar could no longer face the difficult choice of serving and retreat,and the temple and the mountains became the ideal of life that the scholar could achieve.In this new attitude and mode of life,landscape,as a symbol of nature,became the object of pursuit for the scholars,and became their trust for spiritual freedom.