“歧路”并轨:银行机构违反适当性义务民事责任路径优化

The Combination of“Wrong Roads”:The Optimization of the Path of Civil Liability of Banking Institutions for Violating the Obligation of Appropriateness

近年来,金融机构违反适当性义务案件日益增多,侵犯了众多金融消费者的权益。但司法实践中裁判尺度并不统一,其原因在于规范供给不足且适用效力弱,以及适当性义务的法律性质和请求权基础不明。适当性义务产生的逻辑起点为金融法的社会本位属性,就其规范目的及其在我国实证法中的地位而言,将其定性为法定义务并构建符合违反保护性法律的侵权责任构成要件,更有利于实现对金融消费者权益的同质化、体系化保护。对于违反适当性义务的侵权责任承担,应参酌金融消费者权利和损失利益特性如金融产品内生风险、交易风险等的不同,通过对适当性义务的规范目的、销售者推介产品的原因力、损害类型与义务违反之可归责性的动态考量,作出合理妥适的判断;达致既有效保护金融消费者合法权益又防止金融机构承担过重法律责任之效果,实现金融消费者与金融机构之间的利益平衡。

In recent years,the cases of financial institutions violating the obligation of appropriateness have increased day by day,violating the rights and interests of many financial consumers.However,the judgment scale is not unified in judicial practice,which is due to the insufficient supply of norms,the weak application effect and the unclear legal nature of the obligation of appropriateness and the basis of claim.The logical starting point of the obligation of appropriateness is the social standard attribute of financial law.In terms of its normative purpose and its position in China’s empirical law,it is more conducive to realize the homogeneous and systematic protection of the rights and interests of financial consumers to characterize it as a legal obligation and construct the constitutive elements of tort liability in line with the violation of protective laws.For the assumption of tort liability for violating the obligation of appropriateness,we should consider the different characteristics of financial consumers’rights and losses,such as the endogenous risk of financial products,transaction risk,etc.,and make a reasonable and appropriate judgment through the dynamic consideration of the normative purpose of the obligation of appropriateness,the causal force of sellers’promotion of products,the type of damage and the accountability of the breach of obligations;to achieve the effect of effectively protecting the legitimate rights and interests of financial consumers and preventing financial institutions from assuming excessive legal responsibilities,and achieve the balance of interests between financial consumers and financial institutions.