青海湖祭海仪式及神话流变

The Changing of Sacrifice Rituals for the Lake and Myths of Qinghai Lake

青海湖地区民间祭海仪式的纵向流变与该地区民族宗教结构的变迁息息相关,从驻牧于青海湖的古羌人到吐谷浑,再到吐蕃和蒙古部落,祭海仪式的“符号”和“象征”均有所变化,但其深层结构未出现大的变动。关于青海湖起源的神话在环湖诸部族间通过“符号复刻”而得以传承,其与祭海仪式构成互为表里、相伴而生的关系,从而为后者提供合法性。清中央政府于“青海之乱”后介入祭海仪式,官方仪式遂成为独立于民间仪式的另一支祭海传统脉络,这两种仪式在很长一段时期内并行共存、相互映衬,构成了丰富多元的“复合性”祭海文化。

The vertical changes of sacrifice rituals for Qinghai Lake are inseparable from the changes of ethnic and religious structures in this area.Although the symbols in the sacrifice rituals for Qinghai Lake had been changing from ancient Qiang people to Tuyuhun people then to Tubo people and Mongolian tribes,the core of the symbols were kept.The myths about the origin of Qinghai Lake spread among these tribes and clans through the form of“symbol duplicated”.This“symbol duplicated”form and the sacrifice rituals for Qinghai Lake are complementary.After the“Qinghai Rebellion”,Qing central government intervened the sacrifice rituals for Qinghai Lake,formed an official sacrifice ritual that different from the folk standard.These two forms of sacrifice rituals for Qinghai Lake co-existed for a long period and constituted a diverse“compound”lake sacrifice ritual culture.