论商标权穷竭的功能虚置与价值回归

A Study on the Declining Function of Trademark Exhaustion and Its Recurrence

商标权穷竭的理论基础和规范构成不明确。商标功能理论正成为法院裁判商品转售类案件的支配性学说,商标权穷竭在商标侵权判断中的功能被虚置。质量保证功能在商标侵权判断中缺乏独立性,商标法不直接保护消费者利益和产品质量安全,不应当将这些内容纳入《商标法》第57条兜底条款的保护范围。“商品状况的实质性差异”是影响相关公众认知的因素,混淆可能性理论可以实现商标权穷竭规则的功能价值。在解释适用过程中,可以统一消费者预期与相关公众的认知,区分不同类型的商品属性、不同购物情景对消费者预期的影响,结合国内外司法实践经验,排除影响混淆可能性的情景,进而提升混淆可能性判断的客观性。

The theoretical basis and normative composition of trademark exhaustion are unclear.The theory of trademark function is becoming the dominant doctrine when adjudicating cases on goods resale,meanwhile the function of trademark exhaustion has been declined.The quality assurance function lacks independence in determining trademark infringement,because the consumers'interests and those of product quality and safety should not be protected directly by trademark law,or specifically,under the coverage of Article 57 in the Chinese Trademark Law.The"substantial difference in the condition of goods"is a factor that affects the perception of relevant public,therefore,the doctrine of likelihood of confusion can realize the value of trademark exhaustion.Consumer expectations and relevant public perceptions are unified,and the different roles of product attributes and shopping scenarios on consumer expectations should be distinguished to reveal the internal mechanism for determining the likelihood of confusion.