论张九龄的兴寄诗学与创作实践

On the Poetic Theory of Indication of Emotions and Its Practice in Zhang Jiuling's Poems

张九龄提倡“风雅之道,兴寄为主”,明确提出诗歌以“兴寄”为基本的创作精神与艺术手法,这是他在陈子昂兴寄思想的影响下,在自己的创作实践中形成和确立起来的诗学。开元前期中朝诗坛有着传播陈子昂兴寄思想的有利条件,群体唱和也多重比兴,这是张九龄兴寄诗学形成的诗坛环境。而个体的寒素身份意识与仕途遭遇又促使他突破群体的比兴程式,尤其是外放洪州及荆州时在感激忧思的情境中,他进一步发展了以景兴情的创作,突出了兴寄诗学兴发的特点。《感遇》十二首则是他在丰富的创作实践的基础上,进一步从源头上学习诗骚感物兴发的思维本质和陈子昂林居观化的思理,立意新颖而兴寄遥深,展现了张九龄兴寄诗学的自我突围。

Zhang Jiuling(张九龄)claimed that indication of emotions(兴寄)was the fundamental artistic method.In addition to the influence of Chen Zi'ang(陈子昂),he formed this method through the practice of his own poem compositions.Chen Zi'ang's poetic theory of indication of emotions was widely spread in the poetic circles in the early Kaiyuan(开元)Period under the reign of the Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty(唐玄宗),and the then poets all adopted analogy(比)and association(兴)in their poem compositions.In such an environment,Zhang Jiuling developed the theory of indication of emotions.Simultaneously,he made an important breakthrough in the use of analogy and asociation on account of the consciousness of his characteristic identity and official career.Particularly in Hongzhou(洪州)and Jingzhou(荆州),he more often stressed the importance of inspiration in the theory of indication of emotions.And the emotions in his poems were mostly motivated by his surrounding landscape.On the basis of his abundant practice,Zhang Jiuling created poems of gratitude for good treatment(感遇诗).This category of poems represented his highest achievement in the theory of indication of emotions.