论非法电子数据之排除--以电信网络诈骗犯罪为视角

On Exclusion of Illegally Obtained E-Data:From the Perspective of Telecom Network Fraud Crime

电信网络诈骗犯罪中,合法性欠缺的电子数据难以被排除,其根源在于我国法律及司法解释对于非法电子数据的排除采取一种非常保守的态度,电子数据很难构成“非法证据”,一般只构成“瑕疵证据”并适用裁量排除。对电子数据的获取,司法解释未区分任意侦查与强制侦查,且有以技术手段模糊强制措施的不良倾向,这导致了排除的困难。电子数据不应成为非法证据排除规则的例外,应参照实物证据设置两个层次的证据排除。对于严重违反程序以及侵犯基本权利所获取的电子数据,不允许补正和合理解释,应予以绝对排除;对于违反一般程序和技术规范所获取的瑕疵电子数据,应当适用裁量排除,并分别建立文书审查和技术审查这两种不同的裁量方式。

According to criminal procedure law or related judiciary interpretations,e-data is treated as physical evidence or documentary evidence with a limit exclusionary scope.E-data illegally obtained is excluded only in the circumstances of flaw without reasonable explanations.The roots lies in the very conservative attitude of Chinese law and judical interpretaions towards the enclusion of illefal e-data.It is difficult for e-data to constitute“illegal evidence”,and generally,it only constitues“defective evidence”.For access to e-data,judicial interpretations do not distinguish between arbitrary and compulsory investigations,and there is a bad tendency to replace compulsory measures with technical means.As a result,this leads to difficulties in exclusion.In brief,in a strictly sense of exclusionary rules,e-data is not excluded in legal practice.Exclusionary rules shall be applied to e-data exactly as other evidence.E-data,if obtained through measures violating the constitution or principle human rights,shall be excluded without any excuse;if obtained through measure violating the procedure law or rules,it shall be excluded selectively on the basis of fair trial and authenticity of evidence and shall be given the chance to explain.Provided that e-data obtained through measures violating the technical standards,discretion exclusion shall be applied,and different discretion methods of document review and technical review shall be established respectively.