西方心理学主体/被试问题的演化逻辑及其心理学史效果

The Evolutionary Logic of the Multiple Senses of“Subject”and Its Historical Effects in Western Psychology

作为心理学起点的“被试”与作为西方哲学枢轴的“主体”之间的思想史关联及其心理学史效果,仍是亟待深入开掘的关键问题。主体天然不是心理学的对象,但心理学的对象天然是主体。在古希腊世界图景中,“基质”乃每一事物以之而“是”并继续“是”下去的“主体”。它是一种并不涉及意识的非意识“主体”。笛卡尔以来的主体形而上学则通过将对象表象为观念中的事物,代之以作为每一事物由之而“是”的意识主体。这种向心灵内部后退的心理学化过程,确立了端坐在必然王国王座上的意识主体的无上地位。心理学化的主体具有双重模态:它守护着知识,同时其本身又是知识的对象。笛卡尔式自负的理性主体当被置于心理学技术的凝视与操纵之下时,就降格为接受审视的沉默对象,亦即被试。自然向主体生成,被试向技术生成,各种实验装置支配和规范着心理学王国被试—臣民的日常生活。

The historical connection between the“subject”as the starting point of psychology and the“subject”as the pivot of Western philosophy and its effect on the history of psychology,is still a key issue that needs to be explored in depth.The subject is not naturally the object of psychology,but the object of psychology is naturally the subject.In the world picture of ancient Greece,“subjectum”is the“subject”from which everything“is”and continues to“be”.It is a non-conscious“subject”that does not involve consciousness.The metaphysics of the subject since Descartes,by representing the object as things in our mind,replaces it as the consciousness subject from which each thing“is”.This psychologizing process of subject retreating into the mind establishes the supremacy of the consciousness subject sitting on the throne of necessity.Since then,all kinds of psychology have to imagine themselves around this consciousness subject,thus forming various psychologies with“mind”or without“mind”that we are now familiar with.This psychologized subject has a dual modality:it guards knowledge and at the same time is itself the object of knowledge.When the conceited rational Cartesian subject is placed under the gaze and manipulation of mainstream psychological technology,it becomes a subordinate object,the subject of research.Nature evolves for the subject as observer,and the subject as observable evolves for technologies:various experimental devices dominate and regulate the daily life of the“citizen-subjects”of the psychological kingdom.