缺陷工程在金属基电池中的研究进展

Defect engineering of electrocatalysts for metal-based battery

清洁能源在开发和利用过程中存在间歇性和不稳定性,开发高性能、高效率、环保清洁的新型储能器件可保障稳定的能源输出,实现能源转型.其中,金属基电池(如金属-空气电池,金属-硫电池等)具有低成本,高能量密度的优势,具有较高的应用价值.电池电极材料(催化剂)的合理设计影响着其储能效率,对可再生能源技术的发展具有重要作用.近年来,随着研究人员对电催化反应机理的深入理解,缺陷工程被普遍认为是增加催化活性位点数量,提升电池性能的有效策略.其原因在于缺陷可以提供大量不饱和位点,从而为电化学过程提供更多活性中心,增强电极催化效率,实现电化学动力学的提升.此外,缺陷工程实现了电池电极材料局部原子结构以及配位环境的可控调节,进一步调整电极材料的电子和结构特性,可显著提升电池的电化学动力学.本文系统总结了缺陷工程促进电催化性能的可行性策略和金属基电池电催化剂缺陷工程的最新进展.首先介绍了金属-空气电池和金属-硫电池的反应机理,明确金属基电池的反应机理和反应过程对于开发性能优异、环境适应性强催化剂至关重要.其次,归纳和总结了缺陷的种类(本征缺陷、阴离子空位、阳离子空位、晶格畸变和杂原子掺杂)及其引入的常用方法(如热/化学还原、剥落、化学刻蚀、等离子体技术、球磨等).随后,讨论了用于检测电催化剂中缺陷类型和浓度的相关高端表征手段,揭示了构筑缺陷催化剂是提高电催化剂性能的关键.此外,对电催化电池中缺陷的作用及设计原则进行了总结,讨论了电催化剂中缺陷的作用机理,为未来实现具有高本征活性、长期稳定性和高选择性的电催化剂设计提供了更科学的指导.以典型的金属基电池(锌-空电池、锂氧电池、锂-CO_(2)电池、锂硫电池、钠硫电池等)为例,详细介绍了缺陷工程在提高金属基电池电化学性能中发挥的重要作用及其最新进展.最后,提出了金属基电池目前面临的挑战和发展前景,旨在通过缺陷工程提升催化电极材料活性,促进清洁储能器件的商业化进程.

To conquer the instability of clean energy,developing high performance energy storage devices is of vital importance.Among them,metal-based battery(such as Metal-air batteries and metal-sulfur batteries)exhibited high potential for application due to their low lost and high energy density.The rational design of electrode materials(catalysts)plays an important role in improving the energy storage efficacy for metal based batteries and promoting the development of renewable energy technology.With the continuous development of energy storage technology and the in-depth exploration of the electrode reaction mechanism,the researchers found that the electrochemical performances of batteries can be significantly improved by modifying the electrode materials through defect engineering.The introduction of defects in the catalytic electrode material can not only adjust the electronic structure of the catalyst and enhance intrinsic activity,but also the defects can provide a large number of unsaturated sites and provide more favorable active centers for improving the electrochemical kinetics.This paper systematically reviews the action mechanism of defect engineering in the electrocatalytic process and the latest progress in energy storage developments.The reaction mechanism of metal-air batteries and metal-sulfur batteries is introduced firstly.Afterward,the types of defects(intrinsic defects,anion vacancy,cation vacancy,lattice distortion,and heteroatomic doping)and their preparation strategies are summarized.Subsequently,with the typical metal-based batteries(Zn-air battery,Li-O_(2) battery,Li-CO_(2) battery,Li-S battery,Na-S battery,etc.)as the foothold,the important role of defect engineering in its application is summarized in detail.Finally,the current challenges and development prospects of metal-based batteries are proposed,aiming to broaden the catalytic electrode materials through defect engineering and promote the commercialization process of clean energy storage devices.