“超克”的祛魅——现代日本身份认同的困境与国家神道的嬗变

Disenchantment of“Overcoming by Modernity”:Identity Dilemma and National Shinto Evolution of Modern Japan

日本的“现代性”是其超越克服的目标。从历史语境来看,日本首先借由“脱亚”超越克服传统中华秩序和文明的影响,继而抵抗西洋以排解难以“入欧”的心理郁积,不断超越克服此前形成的现代身份,企图实现领导亚洲、颉颃欧美的格局。从宗教语境来看,神道通过制度化和神人同格化上升为意识形态层面的国家宗教,进而在“政教合一”的过程中成为主导国民意识的宗教,实现国家神道面对“现代”的两次超越克服,实现对内的思想整合,并为对外侵略张本,故此成为日本在19世纪至20世纪多次发动侵略战争的重要思想根源。

The“modernity”of Japan is to overcome and transcend other principal civilizations.From the perspective of historical context,Japan first overcame the influence of traditional Chinese order and civilization by“leaving Asia”.Then Japan resisted the West to eliminate the psychological depression of the failure to“join Europe”and constantly surpassed and overcome its previous modern identity,in an attempt to achieve the pattern of leading Asia and rivaling Europe and the United States.From the perspective of religious context,through institutionalization and homogenization of God and human,Shinto rose to the national religion at the ideological level,and then became the religion that dominated the national consciousness in the process of“integration of politics and religion”.As a result,it fulfilled the two transcendences in the face of“modernity”,and realized the integration of internal thoughts,and making a contribution to foreign aggression.Therefore,it has become an important factors for Japan to launch many aggressive wars from the 19th century to the 20th century.