炳灵寺石窟鸟类群落的时空变化特征及鸟害

Tempo-spatial variations of birds’communities and their damage in the Binglingsi Grottoes

2018年9月-2020年9月采用样线与样点相结合的方法,对甘肃炳灵寺石窟及其周边鸟类的群落分布与石窟鸟害情况进行调查.共记录到鸟类9目23科34种,在石窟内出现的鸟类有6种,致害物种主要为岩鸽(Columba rupestris),鸟类多样性指数H夏季最高,冬季最低;红外线相机连续监测发现,第169窟内的鸟类数量在每日9:00-12:00处于较高水平.岩鸽活动对窟内文物的损害形式主要表现为起落时鸟爪造成的机械损伤与排泄物污染.相似性分析结果表明,石窟寺的生境与黄河湿地生境鸟类组成差异最大,鸟类分布呈明显的不均匀性;在第169窟小环境内,鸟类停栖位置随机性强,停栖频次在洞窟南北两侧均表现为内部高于外围的特点,但北侧文物上层整体高于下层,南侧文物下层整体高于上层,小环境内仍呈现较明显的不均匀性.根据鸟类的时空分布及其危害特点,提出了具体的鸟害防治对策.

From Sep.2018 to Sep.2020,the Binglingsi Grottoes of Gansu Province and its surrounding avian community distribution and the conditions of bird hazards were investigated systematically through the methods of combining transect lines and sample points.A total of 34 species of birds in 9 orders and23 families were recorded,with 6 species active in the grottoes,and the main hazardous species was Columba rupestris;the bird diversity index showed the highest in summer and the lowest in winter.Continuous monitoring with infrared cameras found that the number of birds in Cave 169 was at a high level from 9:00 to 12:00,and the damage done by Columba rupestris activity to the cultural relics in the cave was mainly manifested as mechanical damage caused by their claws and excrement pollution.In terms of spatial distribution,the results of similarity analysis showed that the birds’composition in the Grottoes habitat and the Huanghe River wetland habitat differed greatly,and the distribution of birds was obviously uneven.In the micro-habitat of the cave 169,the birds’position of repose was extremely random,and the frequency from the north to south showed that the inside of cave was higher than the outside,the upper position of the north was higher than the bottom of cultural relics,while the south,to the contrary,possessed an obvious heterogeneity in the micro-environment.According to the characteristics of the temporal and spatial distribution of birds,countermeasures for repelling the targeted birds were proposed.