中国传统医药中的地理观

Geographical views in traditional Chinese medicine

学科交叉融合是当今科学技术发展的重大特征,也是经济社会发展的内在需求。《黄帝内经》《神农本草经》等中医药经典著作,在中药产地、遣方用药等方面,蕴含着丰富而鲜明的地理观。中医的流派较多,地理空间的差异是引起流派差异的一个主要因素,各流派的分布具有明显的地域特征。汉代以前的文献中已经有关于药物和产地的记载。《神农本草经》中许多药名以古国名或古地名开头,表明编撰者非常重视药物与产地的关系。唐代医家已认识到药材的优劣与产地有着密切的关系,各出产地皆有采药师支持采收,全国岁办药材俱与产地派纳。宋代关于药材产地的记载比唐代的更丰富,《证类本草》附图的图题均冠以产地名称。金元时期的本草继承前人关于药材产地与品质关系的基础上,在“用药法”中蕴含着丰富的地理观。明代的本草文献最早明确标注了道地产地,已认识到不同产地之间药材质量和用途的差异。清代医家认识到,不同时期医家所用药物存在产地变迁和差异,产地问题是药物效用不佳的原因之一。民国时期医家也十分注重药材产地与药材质量的关系、药材产地变迁等。中医药学蕴含着深刻的地理观,传承发展历代医家关于中药与产地关系的经验,需要把“中药学”与“地理学”结合开展中药地理学研究,进行多学科交叉融合、搭建传承创新中医药精华的新途径,促进易理、医理、药理、地理相通,更好地服务中药生产实践,促进中药产业发展相关问题的解决。

Interdisciplinary integration is a major feature of current scientific and technological development and also an inherent demand of economic and social development. The classic works in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), such as Huangdi′s Internal Classic(Huang Di Nei Jing) and Shennong′s Classic of Materia Medica(Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing), contain rich and distinctive geographic ideas about the origin of Chinese medicine and prescriptions. There are many TCM schools and the distribution of each school has obvious geographical characteristics. The difference in geographical space is a major factor causing the difference in schools. There have been records of drugs and places of origin in previous documents of the Han Dynasty. Many drug names in Shennong′s Classic of Materia Medica begin with ancient country names or ancient place names, indicating that the compilers attached great importance to the relationship between drugs and places of origin. Doctors in the Tang Dynasty have realized that the quality of medicinal materials was closely related to the place of origin, and each place of origin had herbalists to support the harvesting. The national yearly harvested drugs were all distributed with the places of origin. In the Song Dynasty, there were more records about the origin of drugs than in the Tang Dynasty, and the drawings attached to the Materia Medica Arranged According to Pattern(Zheng Lei Ben Cao) were titled with the names of the origins. In the Jin and Yuan dynasties, the literature on Chinese materia medica inherited the relationship between the origin and quality of drugs and contained rich geographical views in the "medication method". In the Ming Dynasty, the literature on Chinese materia medica was the first to clearly label the Daodi origin, and recognized the differences in quality and application of drugs between different origins. In the Qing Dynasty, doctors realized that there were variations and differences in the origins of drugs used by doctors in different periods, and the problem of origin was one of the reasons for the ineffectiveness of drugs. During the period of the Republic of China, doctors also paid great attention to the relationship between the origin of drugs and the quality of drugs, and the changes in the origin of drugs. TCM and geography share a common philosophical foundation. To inherit and develop the experience of doctors in the past dynasties on the relationship between drugs and origins, it is necessary to combine "Chinese materia medica" with "geography" to carry out the research on the geography of Chinese medicine, conduct multidisciplinary integration, build a new way to inherit and innovate the essence of TCM, promote the connection between philosophy of Yi, medical science, pharmacology, and geography, better serve the production practice of TCM, and promote the solution of problems related to the development of the Chinese medicine industry.