“合意型他者危险化”中刑事归责的反思与重塑

Reflection and Reconstruction of Criminal Imputation of“Consensual-type Otherness Risk”

对于“合意型他者危险化”案件的处理,目前学界主要存在无罪论与有罪论两种截然对立的观点。支持无罪论的两种学说,被害人自我答责理论及被害人同意理论,虽能为此类案件的处理提供有益的思路,但实际上均未能很好地说明被害人参与危险的行为何以排除行为人行为的不法。有罪论的观点主要基于共犯理论来阐明行为人构成犯罪,但将被害人与行为人类比为共犯实则并不妥当,且此种观点在一定程度上忽视了对于被害人参与行为的考量。妥善解决此类案件,需转变传统归责思维,有效把握此类案件的独特之处。一方面,危险的创设及事件发生的行为支配决定了对于法益侵害结果原则上应由行为人承担过失犯罪的刑事责任,即不应否定行为人行为的不法性。另一方面,被害人基于自由意思参与到行为人所创设的危险之中,虽然危险行为符合被害人的自我决定,但由于实害结果的发生并不符合被害人的自我决定,便不能以符合被害人的自我决定来排除行为人行为的不法性,而只能成为减轻行为人不法的事由。

At present,there are two diametrically opposed views on the handling of“consensual-type otherness risk”:innocence and guilt.Although the two perspectives supporting innocence and victim’s selfresponsibility,and victim’s consent provide useful ideas for the settlement of such cases,in fact,they fail to better explain why the victim’s participation in dangerous behavior can exclude the wrongfulness of the perpetrator’s behavior.The perspective of guilt theory is mainly based on the theory of accomplice to clarify that the perpetrator constitutes a crime,but it is not appropriate to compare the victim and the perpetrator as an accomplice,and this view ignores the consideration of the victim’s participation in the behavior to a certain extent.To properly solve these cases,we need to change traditional understandings and effectively grasp the uniqueness of these cases.On one hand,the creation of danger and the behavior control of events determine that in principle,the perpetrator should bear the criminal responsibility of negligent crime for the result of infringement of legal interests.That is,the illegality of the perpetrator’s behavior cannot be excluded.On the other hand,the victim participates in risks created by the perpetrator based on self-determination.Although the dangerous behavior is in line with the victim’s self-determination,but the occurrence of the actual harm result is not in line with the victim’s selfdetermination,the perpetrator’s illegal behavior cannot be excluded by the victim’s self-determination.On contrary,it can only become a cause to reduce the perpetrator’s illegal behavior.