马克思、斯蒂格勒与机器技术观——《政治经济学批判大纲》机器论片段的再考察

Marx, Stigler And the View of Machine Technology——Re-examination of the Fragment on Machines in the Umrisse zu einer Kritik der Nationaloeknomie

马克思的“机器论片段”基于政治经济学视角演绎了工业资本主义历史条件下,机器技术、一般智力与固定资本三者之间的关系问题。人工智能时代,数字化技术飞速发展,机器形态加速变革,分析马克思的机器观并找到未来发展路径是直面时代问题的重要任务。目前,在当代西方左翼对于“机器论片段”的大多分析中,技术哲学家斯蒂格勒肯认机器与技术作为推动社会的力量,而个人的理论知识与行为能力却又在资本的控制下被进一步剥夺,最终形成了“系统性愚蠢”的表征,出现普遍意义上的“知识无产阶级化”。在本文看来,斯蒂格勒的机器技术观建立在马克思分析“资本”关系维度上,因此,分析马克思的“机器论片段”内涵的机器观是理解斯蒂格勒技术理念、理解人工智能时代劳动与技术、知识与解放关系的路径选择。

Marx’s "Fragment on Machines" deduces the relationship between machine technology, general intelligence and fixed capital under the historical conditions of industrial capitalism from the perspective of political economy. In the era of artificial intelligence, with the rapid development of digital technology and the accelerated transformation of machine form, it is an important task to face the problems of the times by analyzing Marx’s view of machines and finding a future development path. At present, in most of the contemporary Western left-wing analyses of the "Fragment on Machines", the philosopher of technology Stigler has since recognized machines and technology as a force to promote society, but under the control of capital, the theoretical knowledge and behavioral ability of individuals are further deprived, in the end, the characterization of "systemic stupidity" was formed, and the "proletarianization of knowledge" appeared in the general sense. From the point of view of this article, Stigler’s view of the machine is based on Marx’s analysis of the dimension of "capital" relationship, analyzing Marx’s "Fragment on Machines" is the path choice to understand Stigler’s technical concept and the relationship between labor and technology, knowledge and liberation in the era of artificial intelligence.