乡镇(街道)社工站的发展类型与融合路径——基于新公共管理视野的反思

Development Model of Township(Streets)Social Work Stations:Types and Integration

随着乡镇(街道)社工站的全面推行,其覆盖率不断提高,如何实现高质量、可持续发展的问题因此更为凸显。从并非严格的类型分析来看,这些经验模式呈现为双百模式、“禾计划”模式、基层行政主导模式、混合模式等四类。然而,研究发现,历史惯性依然强大的传统行政思维和过于强调“三E(经济、效率、效益)”在内的新公共管理思维混杂在一起,致使乡镇(街道)社工站建设既要按照科层指令行事,又要按照“三E”迎检。乡镇(街道)社工站受此影响,难以真正展现知识生产的专业优势,难以按照融合之道,尊重并正确把握在地化实践的复杂性、动态性、多样性。为此,有必要按照高质量社会工作专业服务的要求,深入反思传统行政思维与新共管理思维的负功能叠加效应,正确处理专业化与非专业化的均衡关系,加强知识生产的在地化实践,防止项目制背景下的短期主义迎检思维,回归案主需求导向,稳妥推进乡镇(街道)社工站建设,实现专业服务更具可持续性。

Currently,the Communist Party of China has made the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity the general goal of Comprehensively Further Reform,emphasizing that the center of gravity of social governance and services is shifting down to the grassroots,and Social Work Service Stations in Rural Areas have become an important front of national grass-roots policy transmission and service development.With the comprehensive implementation of Social Work Service Stations in Rural Areas,their coverage rate has been increasing,reaching 80%by the end of 2022.Therefore,the problem how to achieve high-quality and sustainable development becomes more prominent.According to the current development in many places,although the coverage has been greatly improved since the promotion council in order to strengthen the construction of social work personnel in townships(streets)which held by the Ministry of Civil Affairs in Changsha,Hunan Province in 2020,this achievement so far has been limited to the quantity at the coverage level,and the quantity and quality of truly equipped staff and the professionalism of specific service contents are still open to question.From the point of view of not strictly type analysis,these empirical models are presented as four types:the Double Hundred Plan Model,the He Plan Model,the Grassroots Administrative-led Model,and the Mixed Model.Except for Guangdong’s Double Hundred Model and Hunan’s He Plan Model,most areas are slightly adjusted according to local conditions on the basis of it.However,it is found that the traditional administrative thinking with great historical inertia and the new public management thinking that overemphasizes the“three-E”(economy,efficiency and benefit)are mixed together,resulting in the construction of Social Work Service Stations in Rural Areas not only in accordance with the instructions of the hierarchy,but also in accordance with the“three E”to deal with the inspection.The traditional administrative thinking aggravates the malady of bureaucracy,and the uploading and handing down of topdown work tasks occupy a lot of time and energy of the staff of Social Work Service Stations in Rural Areas.The new public management theory makes public administration become a tool to pursue efficiency,with the emphasis on result rather than process,formalism and the soaring cost of supervision and evaluation system all hinder the operation of Social Work Service Stations in Rural Areas.Affected by this,it is difficult for Social Work Service Stations in Rural Areas to truly show the professional advantages of knowledge production,respect and correctly grasp the complexity,dynamics and diversity of local practice in accordance with the integration approach.At the same time,when the new public management realized the transition of the allocation of public resources from authoritative or command-based coordination mechanism to contractual or exchange-based coordination mechanism,it also made the operation of Social Work Service Stations in Rural Areas in trouble.Therefore,it is necessary to reflect deeply on the negative functional superposition effect of traditional administrative thinking and new co-management thinking in accordance with the requirements of high-quality professional social work services,correctly deal with the balanced relationship between specialization and non-specialization,strengthen the practice in localization of knowledge production,prevent short-termism in response to inspection in the context of project system,return to the client demand orientation,steadily promote the construction of Social Work Service Stations in Rural Areas,and finally make professional services more sustainable.