氮肥运筹对弱筋小麦产量、品质及氮素利用的影响

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Management on Yield,Quality and Nitrogen Utilization of Weak Gluten Wheat

为探讨氮肥用量及氮肥基施与拔节期追施比例对弱筋小麦产量、品质与氮肥效率的影响,明确弱筋小麦适宜氮肥运筹措施,选用弱筋小麦品种鄂麦580为试验材料,设置氮肥用量试验和氮肥基追比试验,其中氮肥用量试验设0,90,135,180,225 kg/hm^(2)5个处理,氮肥基追比试验设10∶0,7∶3,5∶5,3∶74个处理,通过测定分析不同处理下小麦叶绿素含量(SPAD)、叶面积指数(LAI)、产量及产量构成因素、氮肥利用率和品质等指标,研究不同氮肥运筹模式下弱筋小麦产量、氮肥效率和品质的变化。结果显示,合理氮肥运筹可有效提高小麦光合能力,延缓叶绿素衰减,提高产量和氮肥利用率,改善小麦品质。随施氮量的增加小麦产量呈先升后降的趋势,在施氮量为180 kg/hm^(2),基追比为7∶3时产量最高为5903.0 kg/hm^(2)。在施肥量相同的情况下,随着追肥比例的增加小麦氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学效率呈先增后降趋势,在基追比为7∶3时3项指标均达最大值分别为:37.6%,32.8 kg/kg,12.0 kg/kg。不同的氮肥运筹模式对小麦品质指标有明显影响,籽粒粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量和稳定时间均随氮肥用量的增加及氮肥的后移呈现增加趋势。综合光合特性指标、产量及产量构成指标,氮素利用率和弱筋小麦品质性状指标,施氮量为180 kg/hm^(2)且基追比为7∶3为弱筋小麦产量、品质及氮肥利用效率协同最佳的氮肥运筹模式。

In order to reveal the effects of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and the ratio of basic application of nitrogen fertilizer to top application at jointing stage on the yield,quality and nitrogen efficiency of weak gluten wheat,and to clarify the optimal nitrogen fertilizer management measures for weak gluten wheat,the weak-gluten wheat variety Emai 580 was selected as the test material,and the nitrogen fertilizer amount experiment and nitrogen fertilizer base topdressing experiment were set up.The nitrogen fertilizer amount experiment was set up with 5 treatments of 0,90,135,180,225 kg/ha,and 4 treatments of 10∶0,7∶3,5∶5 and 3∶7 were set in the nitrogen fertilizer base topping ratio experiment.Through the determination and analysis of wheat chlorophyll content(SPAD),leaf area index(LAI),yield,yield components,nitrogen utilization rate and quality under different treatments,it was clear that different nitrogen fertilizer management modes affect the yield,nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and quality of weak gluten wheat.The results showed that reasonable nitrogen fertilizer management could effectively improve the photosynthetic capacity of wheat,delay the decline of chlorophyll,increase yield and nitrogen use efficiency,and improve wheat quality.With the increase of nitrogen application rate,the wheat yield increased first and then decreased.The highest yield was 5903.0 kg/ha when the nitrogen application rate was 180 kg/ha and the base-dressing ratio was 7∶3.Under the same fertilization rate,nitrogen absorption and utilization rate,partial factor productivity of nitrogenand nitrogen agronomic e fficiency of wheat increased first and then decreased with the increase of top dressing ratio.When the base-to-chasing ratio was 7∶3,the three indicators all reach their maximum values:37.6%,32.8 kg/kg,and 12.0 kg/kg.Different nitrogen fertilizer management modes had obvious effects on wheat quality indexes.The grain crude protein content,wet gluten content and stabilization time all showed an increasing trend with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer dosage and the backward shift of nitrogen fertilizer.Based on various indicators,the nitrogen application rate of 180 kg/ha and the base-to-dressing ratio of 7∶3 were the optimal nitrogen fertilizer management mode for the synergy of yield,quality and nitrogen use efficiency of weak gluten wheat.