土耳其政治发展与对外战略中的身份政治困境

Identity Politics Dilemma in Turkey’s Political Development and Foreign Strategy

身份政治主要是民族国家内部和国际社会中某些基于特定身份认同的群体,围绕获得承认和相关权利而产生的政治主张、政治实践和政治关系。当前,身份政治在土耳其国内政治发展和对外关系中十分突出。总的来说,土耳其拥有多重相互联系的复杂身份认同,并在超国家、国家、次国家三个层面形成身份政治的矛盾困境。从超国家层面看,土耳其存在泛共同体认同与国家认同的矛盾,即泛奥斯曼主义、泛伊斯兰主义、泛突厥主义与土耳其民族主义的矛盾,使其时常陷入超国家认同的迷思,追求与民族国家身份不符的政治目标。在国家层面,土耳其长期受宗教与世俗、东方与西方两对矛盾认同的困扰,以世俗主义为立国之基的土耳其无法摆脱伊斯兰传统的掣肘,作为西方盟友的土耳其又难以彻底融入西方,始终面临向东还是向西的战略困境。从次国家层面看,土耳其国家认同与族裔认同之间存在矛盾,以库尔德民族主义为代表的少数族裔群体为争取自身权利进行斗争,甚至走向暴力恐怖主义,给土耳其国家安全造成威胁,甚至因冲突外溢而影响地区安全,阻碍土耳其入盟谈判和融入西方的进程。总之,多层次的身份认同相互交织、相互竞争,使土耳其的政治发展和对外战略面临深刻的身份政治困境。

Identity politics is mainly the political proposition,political practice and political relations within the nation state and in the international community based on a specific identity,generated around obtaining recognition and related rights.At present,identity politics is prominent in Turkey’s domestic political development and foreign relations.In general,with multiple interconnected and complex identities,Turkey has been caught in the contradictory dilemma of identity politics at the supranational,state and sub-state levels.Firstly,at the supranational level, Turkey suffers from the contradiction between pancommunitarian and national identity,i.e.pan-Ottomanism,pan-Islamism,panTurkism and Turkish nationalism,and often falls into the myth and illusion of a supranational identity,pursuing political goals that are inconsistent with nation-state identity or even chasing the unrealistic utopia.Secondly,at the national level,Turkey has long been plagued by two contradictory identities,religious and secular,East and West.On the one hand,Turkey,founded on secularism,has never been able to escape the constraints of its Islamic heritage.On the other hand,as a NATO ally,Turkey is unable to fully integrate into the West,caught in the strategic dilemma of going East or West.Finally,at the sub-national level,there is contradiction between national identity and ethnic identity.Ethnic minority groups represented by Kurdish nationalists have struggled,and even resorted to terrorism for their own rights,which has posed a threat to Turkish national security,and even impacted regional security because of the spillover effect and hindered Turkey’s negotiations with the Europe and its integration into the West.In short,identities at multiple levels have been interwoven and competitive against each other,producing aprofound identity political dilemma in Turkey’s politics and foreign strategy development.