帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪“明知”含义廓清及推定适用

The Definition of "Knowing" of the Crime Helping Cybercrime and Presumptive Application

具体明确且有针对性的“知道”是帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪“明知”的唯一内容。客观主义立场能够降低法官个人价值取向对“明知”认定的影响,保障“明知”认定的客观性和合理性,并有助于帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪“明知”的认定,实现立法的类型化向司法的个罪定型化转变。从协调规范的角度出发,应当使用推定规则代替“应当知道”在规范中的表述。推定兼具实体法与程序法功能。为避免“明知”的推定规则为功能主义所用,推定规则的规范构建不仅需要考虑刑事政策,还应当接受责任理论的制约并受到基础价值的指引。降低或转移证明责任是刑事推定规则的基本属性。刑事司法解释中有关帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪“明知”认定的规则,实则混合了便利司法人员定性的操作规则和设定义务以转移证明责任的推定规则。推定结论的或然性特征要求司法实践严格限制适用推定规则。

Specific and clear and targeted "knowing" is the only content that Crime of Helping Cybercrime "knowing".The position of objactivism can reduce the influence of the judge’s personal value orientation on the determination of "knowing", protecting the objectivity and rationality of the determination of "knowing", and help the determination of "knowing" of the Crime of Helping Cybercrime to realize the transformation from the legislative type to the judicial type of individual crime.From the point of view of coordination norm, presumption rule should be used to replace the expression of "ought to know" in norm.Presumption has both substantive and procedural functions. In order to avoid the "knowing" presumptive rule being used by functionalism, the normative construction of presumptive rule should not only consider criminal policy, but also accept the restriction of responsibility theroy and be guided by basic value.Reducing or transferring the burden of proof is the basic attribute of criminal presumption. In criminal judicial interpretation, the rules about helping the "knowing" identification of the Crime of Helping Cybercrime are actually a mixture of operational rules to facilitate the identification of judicial personnel and presumptive rules to set obligations to transfer the burden of proof. The probable character of presumptive conclusion requires that judicial practice strictly restrict the application of presumptive rules.