美国使用的“国际水域”概念及其海上行为的主观依据探析

On the Term of International Waters Used by the United States and Self-Claimed Legal Grounds for Its Conducts at Sea

“国际水域”是由美国强势推行但在海洋法中并不存在的一种空间概念,其所界定的海洋空间是一个无差别的海洋整体,美国借此消解现代海洋法中的各种区域划分,希望以此作为法律基础,在尽可能广阔的海洋上维持其海军最大限度的活动自由,同时压缩沿海国的海上管辖权范围。美国以“国际水域”概念为法律工具去塑造一种施米特式的海洋大空间秩序,航行自由是该大空间中的支配性意识形态。就其扩展至整个海洋而言,它是施米特式大空间秩序的一个变体。一如施米特的大空间秩序体现了维护区域霸权的企图,美国塑造海洋大空间秩序在本质上即维持其海上霸权。美国对单方解释《联合国海洋法公约》的倚重、其“航行自由计划”及其北极政策转向都可以在此框架中得以解释。在当代以联合国为核心的国际法体系中,美国诉诸“国际水域”概念及相关行为不符合海洋法以及《联合国宪章》所体现的国际法基本原则。

“International waters”is a spatial concept powerfully pushed by the United States,a concept connoting an entire undifferentiated maritime space,one by which the United States(the U.S.)disregards the zonal division in modern law of the sea.This article aims to employ Carl Schmitt’s Grossraum to interpretate U.S.’s concept of international waters in its maritime strategy.Based on the concept of international waters,the U.S.has maximized the right to freedom of navigation at each part of the ocean,and intended to constrain the maritime jurisdiction of coastal States.It is argued that the U.S.has been constructing a Schmittian maritime Grossraum order,a variant of Schmittian Grossraum in that it is extended to the whole maritime space,in which freedom of navigation is the dominating ideology.Just as what Schmitt’s Grossraum embodies,the U.S.’maritime Grossraum order is essentially to maintain its maritime hegemony.The U.S.’unilateral interpretation of the law of the sea,its Freedom of Navigation Program and its recent turn in its Arctic policy can better be understood within this framework.However,the concept of international waters and relevant U.S.conducts are incompatible with modern law of the sea and the fundamental principles of international law embodied in the United Nations Charter.