乌克兰难民危机与欧盟难民庇护政策的范式转变

The Ukrainian Refugee Crisis and a Paradigm Shift of EU’s Asylum Policy

俄乌冲突导致数百万乌克兰难民涌入欧盟,极大地考验着欧盟以《都柏林公约》为核心的难民庇护政策。欧盟处理乌克兰难民危机的方式与叙利亚难民危机迥然不同,展现出前所未有的团结与一致,呈现出范式的转变。安全导向取代经济导向是促使欧盟难民政策发生重大转变的动因。为此欧盟不惜通过激活《临时保护指令》、筹措资金、协调职能部门行动来救助难民。救助难民成为欧盟坚定支持乌克兰和同俄罗斯开展暗战的主要举措。欧盟处理乌克兰难民危机的方式为全球难民治理提供了可供效仿的模式,其过程管理经验及对安全和发展议题的关注将在未来难民问题的治理上继续发挥作用。欧盟的难民庇护政策转型或“范式转变”是欧盟团结应对难民危机的先例,但并非欧盟难民庇护的新常态,极有可能是难以复制的孤例。

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine has led to the influx of millions of Ukrainian refugees into the EU,which has greatly tested its asylum policy based on the Dublin Convention.The EU has handled the Ukrainian refugee crisis in a way which is very different from that in the Syrian refugee crisis,showing unprecedented solidarity and unity as well as a paradigm shift.The replacement of economic orientation by security orientation is the driving force behind the major shift in the EU’s asylum policy.For this reason,the EU spared no effort to rescue refugees by activating the “ Temporary Protection Directive”,raising funds and coordinating the actions of functional departments.Relief of refugees has become the main measure by which the EU firmly supports Ukraine.The EU’s handling of the Ukrainian refugee crisis has set a model for global refugee governance and its process management experience and its focus on security and development issues will play a greater role in future refugee governance.The EU’s asylum policy transformation or “paradigm shift” is a precedent for the EU solidarity in responding to the refugee crisis,but it is more likely to be the last instance.Therefore,the new paradigm demonstrated by the EU in the Ukrainian refugee crisis is not the “new normal” of its asylum policy and is likely to be an isolated case that is difficult to replicate.