非常规就业、劳动力市场二元化与社会保障制度的重新定位——向“后工业社会”转型中的欧洲社会保障制度

Non-standard Employment,Labor Market Dualization and the Changing Role of Social Security—European Social Security Systems in the Transformation into a Post-Industrial Society

20世纪80年代以来,欧洲劳动力市场灵活化持续发展,非常规就业不断增长,这种变化发生在欧洲向“后工业社会”转型的过程中。非常规就业的增长是充分就业在欧洲终结的结果之一,与欧洲国家应对就业问题的社会政策改革紧密相关。尤其是在欧洲大陆国家,渐进的社会保障制度改革起到了保护核心劳动力和维持欧洲经济竞争力的作用,但同时带来劳动力市场二元化的结果。新冠肺炎疫情暴发之前,欧洲国家采取了一些措施,试图解决非常规就业者社会保障不足的问题,但并未从根本上改变劳动力市场和社会保障制度的二元结构。新冠肺炎疫情之下,欧洲应对新冠危机的举措优先保护常规就业,进一步强化了核心和边缘劳动者之间的社会分化。

The labor market flexibilization began in Europe in the 1980s,the development of which coincided with the transformation of Europe into a “ post-industrial” era.As a major change,the increase of non-standard employment,which is the result of the end of full employment in Europe,demands reforming the social protection as well as labor market systems.Meanwhile,the reforming measures may also have contributed to the further increase of non-standard employment.As illustrated by that in the continental European countries,the gradual reform of the social security systems leads to strengthened protection of the core labor force as well as the sustained economic competitiveness in Europe,which thus caused the dualization of the labor market.Before the COVID-19 pandemic,some European countries made efforts to expand the coverage of social insurance to include non-standard employees.Nonetheless,the dualism of both the labor market and the social security systems was maintained.During the COVID-19 pandemic,measures like “ short-time work”schemes have further strengthened the social division between core and marginal workforce.