宋代屠牛食牛的社会原因考察

Study on the Social Reasons of Slaughtering Cattle and Eating Beef in the Song Dynasty

宋政府严禁屠杀耕牛,地方官也注重劝导百姓不要杀牛,然而社会上屠牛食牛习俗依然存在。主要原因是合法屠宰耕牛程序的存在,导致部分人受经济利益的驱动以及满足饱腹之需和口腹之欲而屠牛,兼有民间祭祀的需要。同时,政府因制造兵器,向民间征收牛皮、牛筋、牛角,成为导致百姓屠牛的重要原因。另外,官方祭祀和取牛黄也是导致屠牛的原因。屠牛食牛者既有普通百姓,还有士人、宗室子弟、将士等。宋代屠牛食牛习俗在官方和个人双重因素的影响下而存在,既与国家制度设计紧密相关,也与宋代社会实际分不开。

The Song government prohibited slaughtering ploughing cattle, and local officials made a point of persuading the people not to kill cattle. However, the custom of slaughtering cattle and eating beef still existed in the society. The main reason is the existence of legal slaughtering and farming procedures, leading to some people to satisfy the appetite to slaughter cattle out of economic interest, and also to meet the need of folk sacrifice. At the same time, the government collected the cattle hide, tendons and horns from the people for making weapons, which became an important reason for the people to slaughter cattle. Official sacrifices and the taking of bezoar were also blamed for the cattle slaughtering. Cattle slaughterers were not only ordinary people, but also scholars, sons of clans, soldiers and so on. The custom of slaughtering cattle and eating beef in the Song Dynasty existed under the influence of both official and individual factors, which was closely related to the design of state system and the social reality in the Song Dynasty.