壮语“油脂”的地理分布与层次——兼析汉台语关系词“膋”

The Distribution and Diachrony of “Grease” Terms in Zhuang(壮)——With Analysis of the Sino-Tai Lexical Correspondences in liáo(膋)

油脂”是语言中的核心词。壮语“油脂、脂肪”主要有man^(2)、la:u^(2)、ha^(3)三种形式,man^(2)主要分布在桂东北的北部壮语区,la:u^(2)在壮语南、北部方言区广泛出现,而ha^(3)则是右江流域的北部壮语方言的典型形式。根据壮语方言地理分布和侗台语族比较,推断man^(2)是侗台语的固有词;la:u^(2)为借词,闽语中“膋”的历史层次表明la:u^(2)借自中古前期南方汉语方言;ha^(3)则表现为壮语固有词“牛油”的语义扩大。壮语“油脂”词形的新旧层次为man^(2)→la:u^(2)→ha^(3)。近代以来壮语“油脂”词形的地理分布无显著变化。文章还试析了区分汉语和侗台语之间同源词、借词的方法。

The word for“grease”is one of the basic words in a language.[man^(2)],[la:u^(2)],and[ha^(3)]are three primary roots meaning“grease”in Zhuang(壮)dialects.[man^(2)]is mainly used in Northern Zhuang(壮)of northeastern Guangxi(广西),[la:u^(2)]is widely found in different dialect areas,and[ha^(3)]typically distributes in Northern Zhuang(壮)of the Youjiang(右江)River Basin.According to such dialect geography and the comparison with other Tai-Kadai languages,it is inferred that[man^(2)]is a cognate in Tai-Kadai,and[la:u^(2)]is a loanword from Chinese liáo(膋).The phonological stratum of liáo in Min(闽)Chinese is evidence to support the claim that[la:u^(2)]was borrowed from the southern dialects of Early Middle Chinese.[ha^(3)]originally referred to“beef tallow”and extended to include“any grease”in some dialects.The diachrony of“grease”terms in Zhuang is therefore[man^(2)]→[la:u^(2)]→[ha^(3)].The geographical distribution of“grease”terms in Zhuang has not changed significantly since the Qing(清)Dynasty.The article also suggests an approach to distinguish between cognates and loans in Chinese and Tai-Kadai.