全球化下产业升级的区域模式与演化路径

Patterns and evolution path of regional industrial upgrading under globalization

产业升级是后发经济体最为关注的议题之一,当前产业升级研究对产业升级的地理性关注不足,倾向总结产业升级的地理分布变化,而不是揭示其地理动因。因此,本文基于关系经济地理视角从企业和区域尺度构建了产业升级模式的分析框架,推演出企业升级、结构升级、区域升级和内卷化4类升级模式,并揭示全球化下区域产业升级演进的一般路径(从企业升级或结构升级到区域升级和内卷化)及其主要影响因素。随后本文借助珠三角的案例证实该发展历程的存在,并进一步发现珠三角产业升级呈现“S”型迂回的产业升级路径。本文认为,产业升级受到全球化下的区域外部力量影响,具有企业和区域两个层面的表现,从技术、资本与市场来看,后发区域能够利用地理优势与跨国企业展开周旋,其中制度和本土环境在本土产业升级中发挥显著作用。本文为理解产业升级过程提供新的分析视角,揭示产业升级在地理尺度上的差异,初步发现有别于“雁行模式”的“S”型产业升级模式,为完善经济地理的全球化理论提供新的支撑。

Industrial upgrading is one of the most concerned topics for latecomer economies,but existing research in this field has unpacked regional industrial upgrading from geographical aspects. This paper conducts a critical review on the research progress of industrial upgrading and points out that current studies tend to describe spatial changes rather than disclose geographical motivations of industrial upgrading. Thus, the geographical attributes, patterns and evolution paths of industrial upgrading are yet to be revealed. Based on the perspective of relational economic geography and to explore industrial upgrading patterns, this paper constructs an analytical framework from both the enterprise and the region levels, and find four upgrading patterns: enterprise upgrading, structural upgrading, regional upgrading, and involutional development. Following that, this paper reveals that there is a general evolution path of regional industrial upgrading under globalization. Regions have the tendency to evolve from enterprise upgrading or structural upgrading to regional upgrading and then to involutional development. This evolutionary path is well matched with the industrial upgrading trajectory of the Pearl River Delta. Also, industrial upgrading in the delta has shown a circuitous evolutionary path, which can be termed an "S-type paradigm". Overall, this research suggests that regional industrial upgrading is affected by external forces outside regions under globalization. The performances and achievement of regions can be analyzed from both the corporate and the regional levels. From the aspect of technology, capital and market, latecomer regions can use their geographic advantages to bargain with transnational corporations, in the process of which local institutions and territorial environment have a significant role to play.The major contribution of this paper comes from its new analytical perspective to understand the process of regional industrial upgrading and its finding about different performances of industrial upgrading in different scales, including the enterprises and the region scales. Also, an industrial upgrading pattern that is different from the well-known "the flying geese paradigm" has been proposed, which tentatively provides an innovative framework to understand development of latecomer economies under globalization and refine theories about globalization in economic geography.