我国行业间要素配置效率及其对全要素生产率的影响

The Efficiency of Factor Allocation among Industries in China and its Impact on Total Factor Productivity

本文基于WIOT2016和ADB—MRIOT构建了我国2000—2020年分行业的投入产出数据,在估算各行业资本和劳动投入的基础上,考察了我国整体和分行业的要素配置效率及其与全要素生产率之间的关系。研究发现,2000年以来我国整体要素配置效率呈现先下降后上升的“U”型趋势,农、林、牧、渔业的配置效率持续改善,而金融业的配置效率持续降低。资本配置效率下降是导致我国2000—2015年要素配置效率逐渐下降的主因,在供给侧结构性改革之后,我国要素配置效率明显上升但与发达国家及最优配置水平之间仍有一定距离。反事实分析表明,配置效率改善具有较大的生产率效应,我国要素配置效率在达到美国和加拿大要素配置效率水平时的全要素生产率水平可分别提升28.02%和25.23%,处于最优状况下可提升约37.3%。为优化我国资源配置效率及提升全要素生产率增长速度,应进一步发挥有为政府和有效市场在要素配置中的作用,促进各类人才在市场间自由合理流动,提升人力资本水平,继续深化供给侧结构性改革,降低资本要素在行业间的错配程度;着力推动制造业转型升级,加大对制造业企业研发的支持力度,扭转制造业行业技术进步增速普遍下滑的趋势。

Based on WIOT2016 and ADB-MRIOT, this paper constructs the input-output data of China’s sub-industries from 2000 to 2020, and examines the relationship between factor allocation efficiency and total factor productivity of China. The study finds that the overall factor allocation efficiency in China has shown a “U” shaped trend, the allocation efficiency of agriculture, forestry, animal and fishery industry has been improving, while the allocation efficiency of financial industry has been decreasing. The decline of capital allocation efficiency is the main reason for the gradual decline of factor allocation efficiency in China from 2000 to 2015. After the supply-side structural reform, the factor allocation efficiency has increased significantly but there is still a certain distance to the optimal allocation level. Counterfactual analysis shows that the improvement of allocation efficiency has a large productivity effect, when it reaches the level of United States,Canada, and the optimal level, the total factor productivity level of China can be increased by 28.02%,25.23% and 37.3% respectively. In order to optimize China’s resource allocation efficiency and enhance the growth rate of total factor productivity, we should further play the role of a competent government and an effective market in factor allocation, promote the free and reasonable flow of various talents between markets, continue to deepen the structural reform on the supply side, and reduce the degree of mismatch of capital factors between industries;focus on promoting the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry, increase the support for R&D of manufacturing enterprises, and reverse the decline in the growth rate of manufacturing industry.