埃博拉病毒病——病死率极高的人畜共患病

Ebola virus disease:a zoonotic disease with an extremely high fatality rate

埃博拉病毒病是由埃博拉病毒感染引起人和灵长类动物的一种以发热和出血为主要临床特征的烈性传染病。本病于1976年首次发现于非洲的扎伊尔和苏丹地区,此后在非洲造成多次大规模流行,其中2014—2016年西非暴发的疫情是有史以来规模最大、最复杂的埃博拉疫情,导致的病例和死亡人数超过了历次疫情病例和死亡人数的总和,截至2022年共报告约3.5万例埃博拉病毒病病例,死亡约1.5万例。埃博拉病毒病在非洲大流行期间还外溢至美洲和欧洲等非洲大陆以外地区,成为世界关注的公共卫生问题。2022年在非洲乌干达和刚果共和国再次出现该病流行,引起了全世界的广泛关注。本文对埃博拉病毒病的历史、流行病学分布、病毒感染途径、患者临床症状、诊断、治疗以及预防与控制等方面进行系统总结,为国内相关工作者提供参考。

Ebola virus disease(EVD) is a severe infectious disease caused by Ebola virus in humans and primates. The main clinical features are fever and bleeding. The disease was first identified in Zaire and Sudan in Africa in 1976. Since then,it has caused many large-scale epidemics in Africa. One of the largest and most complex Ebola outbreaks in history was the2014-2016 outbreak in West Africa, which caused more cases and deaths than all previous outbreaks combined. As of 2022,about 35 000 EVD cases and 15 000 deaths have been reported. During the African pandemic, EVD also spread to other regions outside the African continent, such as the Americas and Europe, and became a public health issue of worldwide concern. In Africa, the re-emergence of the disease in Uganda and the Republic of Congo in 2022 has attracted much attention from the world. This article systematically summarizes the history, epidemiological distribution, route of infection, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of Ebola virus disease, so as to provide reference for relevant workers in China.