从传统语法学角度探析藏文动词与实际应用的难点

Tibetan Verbs and Difficulties in Practical Application

无论何种语言,动词不仅是句子的灵魂,而且是语法的核心,在语言理解和表达中占有重要的地位。要表达人的思想情绪、动作行为、心理活动以及事态变化等都要离不开动词。与他人交流句子中,有了动词,整个句子就能如实地表达出来。因此,动词具有很强的表达能力。对藏语句法和词法而言,尤其如此。一种表达是否明确,书面表达是否生动,在很大程度上取决于能否准确地运用动词。要做到这一点,藏语相关语法理论当中所提及的及物动词和不及物动词、使动和自动因果关系、能动式和所动式、时态变化、自主和他令、制止语气、以及动词有关的虚词la义类和施事格助等恰当应用是重中之重,尤其须结合句型掌握动词的句法中的规律,动词与不同介词及副词的搭配用法和意义。先辈们将动词的学问题视作一大难点,对其展开广泛研究和应用已有1000多年的历史。在这段漫长的历史长河中,历代人才辈出,取得了令人满意的成果。正因如此,在前人研究的基础上,在藏语《音势论》中涉及的动词范畴难点为自主和他主、及物动词和不及物动词、能动式和所动式、动词和宾语等词义做了进一步的解析,并以比喻的方式将动词学在实际应用过程中的问题进行了全面深入的探讨。

No matter what kind of language,verbs are not only the soul of its sentences,but also the core of its grammar and morphology,occupying an important position in the understanding and expression of the language.To express people’s thoughts,emotions,actions,behaviors,mental activities,and changes in events,they must be inseparable from verbs.When you have a verb in a sentence that you communicate with others,the entire sentence can be expressed faithfully.Therefore,verbs have strong expressive power.This is especially true for Tibetan syntax and vocabulary.Whether an expression is clear or not,and whether a written expression is vivid or not,depends to a large extent on the accurate use of verbs.To need to be able to do this,the transitive and intransitive verbs mentioned in the basic Tibetan work of Letter Sound Intensity Theory,it is imminent to master the theory of related verbs such as causative and automatic,tense change,suppress the tone,etc.In response to this problem,from the perspective of traditional grammar,this paper conducts a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the terms,concepts and origins of Tibetan transitive and intransitive verbs,verbs,and objects,as well as problems existing in Chinese,practical applications of verb theory research,and some special applications of Tibetan case particles related to verbs are expounded.