青年叔本华的“更好的意识”和“否定意志”概念——与杨宗伟先生商榷

Better Consciousness and Denial of the Will in Young Schopenhauer——Discussion with Mr.Yang Zongwei

青年叔本华的“更好的意识”和“否定意志”概念之间的思想关联是理解叔本华意志哲学体系之发生的关键。本文针对杨宗伟先生发表在《世界哲学》上的《论青年叔本华的“优越意识”概念——从德国哲学意志论转向的视角来看》一文提出商榷。杨先生围绕着“优越意识”概念提出了本质论认定、循环论证诘难、彻底放弃论和“意志反对成为生命”的观点。本文将针对杨先生的这些观点,依次提出商榷。本文第一部分论证“更好的意识”概念所承载的是一种对“经验意识”世界的解脱论哲学,而不是一种试图解答“世界之谜”的本质论哲学。第二部分澄清“认识即解脱”不是一个循环论证:纯粹认识主体在认识“理念”中获得无利害的审美愉悦,解脱了“生命意志”,而通过意志的自我认识,生命凭借“意志的知识”在“否定意志”中获得了解脱。第三部分指出,伴随着对“生命意志”的深入反思,“更好的意识”概念为“否定意志”概念所替代,其解脱论内涵也在“否定意志”中得到了功能性的再现,而非杨先生认为的“更好的意识”为“意志”概念所替代,“更好的意识”被“彻底放弃”。第四部分阐明“意志”只有在生命中才能实现自否定,而非杨先生认为的“意志”能自由地“反对成为生命”。

The intrinsic correlation between the better consciousness and the denial of the will in young Schopenhauer’s early manuscripts(1804-1818)is integral to the historical reconstruction of the genesis and development of the philosophy of will.This paper is a discussion with Mr.Yang Zongwei.The first part argues that the better consciousness is not a theory of the essence to solve the riddle of the world,but a theory of redemption from the suffering world of empirical consciousness through the aesthetic contemplation of genius and the moral action of saints.The second part proves that knowledge is the promise of redemption and that this is not a circular argument:the purely knowing subject is freed from the will-to-life by the aesthetic pleasure of contemplating the Ideas,and life is liberated by virtue of the self-knowledge of the will in the denial of the will.The third part illustrates that with the systematic reflection on the will to live,the better consciousness is transformed into the negation of the will,and the connotations of liberation theory find a functional reproduction in the philosophy of will.The fourth part argues how the better consciousness promotes self-knowledge and transcendence of life,and that the will can only turn and achive self-denial through life and cannot be opposed to becoming life.