教宗选任制度与加洛林时期的政教关系

The Papal Election and Church-State Relations in the Carolingian Dynasty

加洛林时期,罗马教宗的选任制度依据769年罗马会议教令、817年《路易条约》和824年《罗马法规》,历经三次法理上的变革。罗马内部矛盾与外部帝国政策的相互作用是推动这一制度不断变革的主要因素。与此同时,罗马教廷也经历了从谋求教士自治到寻求帝国庇护,最后受制于帝国直接管控的转变过程。在此过程中,双方始终遵循“法兰克—教宗联盟”的关系框架,即教宗对帝国相对独立又有所倚赖,帝国对教宗以保护为主又有所制约。这种在动态中保持平衡的政教关系模式,是双方基于政治理想与历史实际的折衷选择。这也使得加洛林时期成为中世纪史上政教关系相对稳定的一个阶段。

During the period of the Carolingian Dynasty, the papal election underwent three transformations based on the decrees of the Roman council of 769, thePactum Ludovicianumof 817 and theConstitutio Romanaof 824. The main factor which promoted the continuous changes in this system was the interaction between internal conflicts in Rome and external imperial policies. At the same time, the Roman Curia also experienced the transformation from striving for ecclesiastical autonomy to seeking imperial protections, and finally being subject to the direct control of the empire. However, both sides have always followed the framework of ’Frankish-Papal Alliance’, which meant that the popes were relatively independent of the empire while the empire had some restrictions on the popes. Accordingly,they could stay in balance and reach a compromise based on the political prospects and historical realities. Therefore, the relationship between the church and the state in the Carolingian period was relatively stable in the medieval history.