西汉时期居延地区农具的获取

Access to Farm Tools in Juyan Region During the Western Han Dynasty

西汉时期,张掖郡下辖的居延都尉府,其农业存在军事屯田、官田和民田之别。军事屯田的主要劳作者为田卒,耕种屯田的铁制农具主要来自中央朝廷主导下的内郡转输。部分官田,会出租给普通民众。民田即普通民众拥有的田地,他们耕作田地的铁制农具需要自行购买,官方不会直接发放。无论屯戍机构或者普通民众,他们都可以就地取材制作一些木质简易农具,但是这并非当时当地农具使用的主流。西汉朝廷在西北屯戍地区农具的供应方面也是重军而次民。

In Western Han dynasty,there were three types of farming methods in Juyan county of Zhangye city such as Juntian(farm-field serving for military purpose),Guantian(farm-field serving for bureaucratic offices)and Mintian(farm-field owned by farmers).For Juntian,the main labor forces were agricultural soldiers and the iron farm tools used were mainly from the region-to-region transportation led by the central government.The ordinary masses would rent parts of Guantian.Mintian was the farmland owned by ordinary farmers.Both the masses who rented the bureaucratic farmland and the farmers who had their own lands needed to purchase iron farm tools by themselves,instead of directly getting farm tools from bureaucratic offices.Whether garrison institutions or ordinary people,they could make some simple wooden tools by local materials.The wooden tools,however,were not the main farming tools that they used.In the northwest garrison areas,the Han government concerned more to provide farm tools for military farming other than civilian purposes.