生态产品价值实现模式及形成机理——基于多类型样本的对比分析

Value realization models of ecological products and their formation mechanism:Comparative analysis based on multiple types of samples

解析生态产品价值实现模式的形成机理是贯彻落实生态文明建设理念的重要议题。现有研究对生态产品价值实现模式的探讨主要集中在类型划分与个案研究,对其模式形成机理的考察缺乏整体性的分析框架。本文以物品的排他性和竞争性为依据,归纳了生态产品价值实现的4种基本模式,并结合4个典型案例进行验证,在此基础上从生态资源禀赋、制度环境和参与主体维度阐释了生态产品价值实现模式的形成机理。研究发现:(1)以排他性和竞争性为主线,生态产品可划分为纯公共生态产品、公共资源产品、生态俱乐部产品和私人生态产品,生态产品的不同属性意味着其价值实现模式的差异性;(2)不同地区的生态系统特征影响生态资源的利用方式,政治、市场、文化等制度环境的差异性影响生态产品供给的过程与结果,参与主体的类型以及各自的能力与意愿影响生态产品价值实现方式的选择,三者共同驱动着生态产品价值实现差异化模式的形成;(3)一种生态产品可能同时采用多种价值实现模式,随着技术与制度的创新,生态产品属性的变化会带来价值实现模式的相应调整。为了促进“绿水青山”向“金山银山”的转化,需要从生态资源保护与挖掘、制度环境优化、多元主体参与等方面着手实现生态产品价值。

Analyzing the formation mechanism of the value realization models of ecological products is an important topic for implementing the concept of ecological civilization construction.Existing research on the value realization models of ecological products mainly focuses on type division and case studies, and the investigation of the formation mechanism of such models lacks a holistic analytical framework. Based on the exclusivity and competitiveness of products, this study proposed four basic models for the realization of the value of ecological products, and combined four typical cases to verify the models. Accordingly, the formation mechanism of the value realization models of ecological products was revealed from the perspective of ecological resource endowments, institutional environment, and participants. The results are:(1) With exclusivity and competitiveness, ecological products can be divided into pure public ecological products, public resource products, ecological club products, and private ecological products. Different attributes of ecological products mean the differences in their value realization models;(2) Ecosystem characteristics of different regions affect the utilization models of ecological resources, and the differences in political, market, cultural, and other institutional environments affect the process and results of the supply of ecological products, and the types of participants and their respective abilities and willingness to influence the choice of ways to realize the value of ecological products.The three jointly drive the formation of ecological product value realization differentiation models;(3) An ecological product may adopt multiple value realization models simultaneously. With the innovation in technology and institutions, the change of ecological product attributes will bring about the corresponding adjustment of the value realization model. In order to promote the transformation of“clear water and green mountains”into“mountains of gold and silver”, it is necessary to realize the value of ecological products from the aspects of ecological resource protection and development, institutional environment optimization, and multi-stakeholder participation.