超越“助人自助”:受助者到施助者的角色转换过程研究——以X社工机构的志愿服务为例

Beyond“Helping Others to Help Themselves”:A Study on the Role Transformation from Service Recipients to Volunteers——Taking the Voluntary Service of X Social Work Agency as An Example

受助者在志愿服务中往往被标签化为“照顾对象”,这一定程度上强化了受助者对志愿服务的依赖,不利于其主体性的发挥。在我国推进实现“共同富裕”的政策背景下,推动志愿服务的受助者向施助者转化有助于创新“共同富裕”的实现形式,实现精神层面的“先富带后富”,保障志愿服务的可持续性。本文基于角色转换理论,分析了多方力量互动下的受助者角色转换过程。通过对X社工机构提供的家庭矛盾调解志愿服务案例分析发现,从受助者到施助者的角色转换过程表现为“角色认知—角色认同—角色实践”三个环节的不断循环。在不同的环节中,志愿者、志愿服务组织发挥了重要作用,引导受助者对志愿服务产生角色认同感、激发参与动机、指导角色实践、进行角色建构。本研究对于实现受助者角色向施助者转换,提升受助者的主体性,从而超越“助人自助”、实现“助人助他”具有重要启示。

Service recipients are often labeled as “the ones being looked after” in the voluntary service, which to a certain extent strengthens recipients’ dependence on voluntary service and impairs their subjectivity. Under the agenda of promoting common prosperity, promoting the transformation from service recipients to volunteers is conducive to innovating the realization form of common prosperity, realizing the spiritual aspect of “the rich former leads the latter”, and ensuring the sustainability of the voluntary service. Based on the theory of role transformation, this paper analyzes the process of the service recipient’s role transformation under the multi-force interaction. Through the analysis of the voluntary service of family conflict mediation provided by X social work agency, the study found that the role transformation process from recipients to volunteers was manifested as a continuous cycle of three stages: “role cognition, role identification and role practice”. At different stages, volunteers and voluntary organizations play important roles in guiding recipients to establish the sense of role identity in voluntary seruices, stimulating participation motivation, guiding role practice and carrying out role construction. This study has important implications for transforming the role of service recipients into volunteers, enhancing the subjectivity of recipients, so as to go beyond “helping others to help themselves” and realize “helping others to help others”.