生态系统服务付费的起源与逻辑及理论辨析

Payment for Ecosystem Services:Origin,Logic and Theoretical Analysis

生态系统服务付费是一个重要的政策工具,也是目前生态经济研究的热点之一。为了更好地理解和认识生态系统服务付费,文中探讨其起源和逻辑,运用新古典经济学和新制度经济学框架权衡其涉及的公平与效率问题,梳理有关的市场与制度之辨。研究认为,由于公平与效率为权衡关系,以市场为主的科斯型生态系统服务付费因更加注重效率而比较适合产权较为明晰、交易成本较小、信息较为完全的发达国家,以制度为主的庇古型生态系统服务付费则更加注重公平因而更为适合产权较不清晰、交易成本较高、信息较不完全的发展中国家;生态系统服务付费的市场与制度之辨本质上是关于产权是否明晰、交易成本是否存在、信息是否完全的区别。由于中国仍属发展中国家,建议在进行生态补偿顶层设计时更多地借鉴庇古型生态系统服务付费的做法;但是随着市场经济体制不断完善、产权进一步清晰,科斯型生态系统服务付费将带来更多启发。

Payment for ecosystem services(PES)is an important policy tool and one of the current research hotspots in ecological economy.In order to better understand the PES,this paper discusses its origin and logic,uses the framework of neo-classical economics and new institutional economics to weigh the fairness and efficiency issues involved and reviews the relevant debates about market versus system.The results show that,due to the trade-off between equity and efficiency,Coasean PES as a market-oriented payment pays more attention to efficiency,which is more suitable for developed countries with clearer property rights,lower transaction costs and complete information,while Pigouvian PES,which is system oriented,pays more attention to fairness and thus is more suitable for developing countries with unclear property rights,high transaction costs and incomplete information.The debates about the market versus system of PES are essentially concerning whether the property right is clear,whether the transaction cost exists,and whether the information is complete.As China is still a developing country,it is suggested to learn more from Pigouvian PES in the top-level design of ecological compensation.However,with the continuous improvement of the market and the further clarification of property rights,Coasean PES will bring more inspiration.