朝鲜朝(1392~1910)语言规划研究

A Study of Language Planning in the Joseon Dynasty(1392-1910)

朝鲜朝(1392~1910)的国家语言规划可大致分为3个阶段:(1)太祖李成桂至世宗李裪刊印《训民正音》,大力推广汉语汉字;(2)《训民正音》刊印至甲午战争,汉字与《训民正音》并用;(3)1895~1910年,日语成为强势外语。朝鲜朝长期实施的汉语“质正”制度,以及创制与推广《训民正音》,禁用倭(日)语,组织学习蒙古语、满(女真)语等语言政策和具体实践,反映出“以‘中国语’为中心,创制和推广本民族文字,兼顾周边区域语言规划”的基本形态。以“中国语”作为国家语言规划的核心,是为了追求国家利益最大化,维护宗主国和藩属国之间的“最优”邦交关系,这为中朝(韩)语言文化关系的长期发展奠定了良好基础。朝鲜朝对日本语言侵略的警惕,对今日朝鲜半岛仍有影响。朝鲜朝对周边区域语言的学习和调查,则保留了很多珍贵的近代汉语、蒙古语、满(女真)语文献资料。

Based on the annals and other historical documents,this study focuses on the ideology and practice of language planning in the Joseon Dynasty(1392-1910).Language planning in the Joseon Dynasty can be divided into three stages.During the first stage starting from Yi Seong-gye,the founder of the Joseon Dynasty to the publication of Hun Min Jeong Eum by King Sejong the Great,Chinese characters and language were widely promoted.During the second stage which lasted till the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895,both Chinese characters and Hun Min Jeong Eum were adopted.During the third stage(1895-1910),the Japanese language became a powerful foreign language in the Korean peninsula.The system of standard Chinese enforcement,the creation and promotion of Hun Min Jeong Eum,the prohibition of the use of the Japanese language,and language policies for the Mongolian and Manchu languages reflect the ideology of the centrality of the Chinese language,the creation and promotion of the Korean national script,and considerations of neighboring countries’language planning.The ideology of the Chinese language as the center aims at the maximization of national interests and maintenance of the relationship between China and Korea,thus laying a solid foundation for the bilateral relationship.The alertness of the Joseon Dynasty to the invasion of the Japanese language has an everlasting effect on language planning in both South and North Korea.The Joseon Dynasty’s study and survey of languages of neighboring countries facilities the preservation of many historical documents written in Chinese,Mongolian,and Manchu.