公堂土地与闽西乡村社会新探——以地方党史文献为中心

A New Probe into Public Hall Land and Rural Society in West Fujian——Focus on Local Party History Documents

中国传统乡村社会设立公堂土地的初衷确有扶危济困和慈善公益等目的,也在一定程度上促进了乡村社会的稳定与和谐,但自19世纪末以来,公堂土地的原有功效已日渐消弭,然其仍由乡村社会权势阶级所操控的现状不仅没有改变,反而进一步得到强化,而主要受益者也依然是地主和富农,特别是这一时期地位上升很快,且与“离乡离土”的城市豪绅阶级一道,他们才是整个乡村社会权力的“把持者”和“柄政者”,闽西乡村社会即是此一社会变迁的缩影。因此,过往将公堂土地算在地主和富农头上恰恰就是从封建剥削的本质出发,注重实际情况而非名义功能。相比之下,留守于乡村中的小地主、自耕农等则由于社会生态环境的恶化而逐渐降格为城市豪绅阶级的附庸,生活贫困、权威消逝,也导致乡村社会权力结构的新一轮重整,而处于最底层的广大农民则饱受以城市豪绅阶级为代表的“掌权者”对他们的压榨和剥夺,由此生发出对革命的热切渴望。

The original intention of the establishment of public hall land in traditional Chinese rural society was indeed for the purpose of helping the poor and helping the poor and for charity and public welfare. It also promoted the stability and harmony of the rural society to a certain extent. However, during the 30 years from the end of the 19th century to the end of the 1920s, the original function of public court land has gradually disappeared. However, its status quo, which is still controlled by the powerful classes in rural society, has not changed, but has been further strengthened. The main beneficiaries are still landlords and rich peasants, especially during this period. Soon, the urban gentry class, who have “leaved their homes and soil”, are the “controllers” and “politics” of the power of the entire rural society. The rural society of Western Fujian is the epitome of this social change. Therefore, in the past, the calculation of public land on the heads of landlords and rich peasants was precisely based on the nature of feudal exploitation, focusing on actual conditions rather than nominal functions. In contrast, small landlords and self-employed farmers who stayed in the countryside are gradually reduced to subordinates to the urban gentry class due to the deterioration of the social ecological environment. The poverty and the loss of authority have also led to a new round of reorganization of the rural social power structure. And the vast majority of farmers at the bottom are squeezed and deprived by the “power-holders” represented by the urban tyrants, and this has given rise to an ardent desire for revolution.