气候适应性建筑表皮的仿生设计研究

A Study of the Bionic Design of a Climate-Adaptability Building Surface

气候适应性建筑表皮对建筑节能减碳以及室内舒适性的提升均有着积极的作用,因而也成为了近年来的研究热点之一。而自然界中的生物在长期的进化中形成了多种多样的气候适应性策略,这对于提升建筑表皮性能有着极大的参考价值,因此,仿生学能够为气候适应性表皮的设计带来新的切入点。基于仿生学的建筑表皮设计的核心还是在于对自然界中的相关策略进行转化设计,而对自然案例和表皮案例从仿生角度进行分类能够有助于更有效率地寻找相关策略,从形态、结构、材料、行为和系统仿生五个方面进行分类是当前较为全面的一个视角。

Buildings are large carbon emitters.In the context of China’s carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals,buildings have become one of the important issues in terms of energy conservation and carbon reduction,with the climate-adaptability building surface becoming one of the hottest research topics in recent years due to its positive effects on energy conservation and carbon reduction as well as the improvement of indoor comfort.There is a wide range of research perspectives and some practical cases on climateadaptability building surfaces.The connection between bionics and adaptive architecture has attracted attention because various organisms in nature need to cope with their external environment and have evolved different mechanisms to adapt to the environment over the years.Due to the interdisciplinary nature of bionics,there is a high threshold for architects without related professional backgrounds,and many scholars have proposed bionic design methods for buildings,such as bionic spiral,Bio-TRIZ.These methods are based on the framework of"knowledge-abstraction-application,"proposed by Werner Nachtigall.Each has its own characteristics in terms of process,classification,and application method;there are also differences in the applicable design stages.As the basis for almost all methods,the classification of bionic surfaces and natural adaptation cases can help designers collect cases and promote their designs more efficiently.Classification based on the design elements of the building surface can help determine the surface form;classification based on the climate-adaptability building surface can help realize skin function;and classification based on the bionic perspective is indispensable to understanding and collecting the appropriate cases in nature.In this paper,bionic building surfaces are classified into five main categories from the perspective of bionic types:morphological,structural,material,behavioral,and systemic.Some typical bionic building surface designs in recent years are compiled based on such classification.These types of surfaces differ in terms of bionic level,design object,and scale.Systemic bionics focuses on the role of the surface in the building and its relationship to other components and does not focus on the design of specific components but on design guidelines.Morphological,structural,and material bionics correspond to the composition and basic properties of the surface and often influence the appearance of the building surface.Behavioral bionics provides a reference for the control or operation mode of the surface.Although the different levels of bionic types are directional in use,their core lies in the in-depth study and abstraction of the principles of natural strategies.In terms of design objects,the more holistic and complex bionic designs have higher professionalism and are more conducive to the overall performance of the building.On the other hand,designs that focus on specific components are easier to practice and more functionally appropriate for simple and clear design goals.