庄子“天籁”解——兼论其对《齐物论》的奠基意义

Explanation of Zhuangzi’s“Tianlai”

《庄子·齐物论》开篇的“天籁”说,向无确解。南郭子綦对天籁的讲述简要而隐晦,造成了理解上的困难。传统诸说,或依地籁说天籁,或抽象发挥三籁的比喻义,都不能在文本和思想上做到完全的贴切。其实,庄子的“天籁”继承自老子的“籥”喻。老子把天地之间比为籥,以籥的虚无出声,比喻天地之间的虚无生物。同样的,“吹万不同”,是说天籁之动吹生万物;“使其自己”,是说造物者使物依其自身本性而生存。前者是气化宇宙的视域,后者则是道对万物之内在根据、存在方式与独特价值的肯定。这两点关乎庄子齐物思想的根本要旨。《齐物论》以“天籁”开篇,无论从思想上,还是从全篇结构而言,都具有奠基性的意义。对天籁的理解,也有助于对“吾丧我”等相关文本的准确把握。

There has never been an accurate explanation of the“Tianlai”(天籁)in Zhuangzi.In fact,Zhuangzi’s“Tianlai”is inherited from Lao Tzu’s metaphor o“f Yue”(籥).Lao Tzu likened the space formed by heaven and earth to a“Yue”,which produces sound from nothingness,and metaphorically to heaven and earth generating all things from nothingness.Similarly,in Zhuangzi“,blowing all differences”means that the“Tianlai”blow all things“;To make itself”means that the Creator makes all things act according to their own nature.Both of the two points are related to Zhuangzi’s idea of“Qi Wu”(齐物).The understanding of“Tianlai”is also conducive to the accurate grasp of related texts such as“losing myself”.