论先秦诸子音乐美学思想

On the Musical Aesthetics of the Pre-Qin Scholars

先秦诸子围绕“礼乐”展开了激烈的辩论,儒家肯定“礼乐”,墨、道、法三家则否定“礼乐”。孔孟提倡“礼乐”,实质是想恢复“周礼”,实施仁政。荀子借鉴了道家“天乐”美学思想,吕不韦吸收了阴阳五行说,强调了音乐“审音知政”功能。墨子从功利的角度“非乐”,老子从愚民的立场否定“礼乐”,商鞅、韩非子为推行法治否定“礼乐”,均是为了维护统治阶级利益。庄子则从养生的角度否定“礼乐”。正反双方音乐美学思想虽有较大差异,各方内部代表人物的音乐美学思想也有不同,但重视音乐的政治伦理属性和审美属性却是一致的。通过争论与碰撞,先秦诸子们共同推进了音乐的这两大属性。

The pre-Qin scholars had a heated debate about“rites and music”. Confucianism scholars affirmed“rites and music”,while Mohist,Taoist and Dharma denied“rites and music”. Confucius advocated“rites and music”,and in essence,they wanted to restore“Zhou rites”and implement benevolent government.Xunzi drew lessons from the Taoist aesthetic thought of Tianyue,Lv Buwei absorbed the theory of Yin Yang and five elements and emphasized the function of music“judging sound and knowing politics”. On the contrary,Mozi’s“non music”is from the perspective of utilitarianism,Lao Tzu’s negation of rites and music from the standpoint of fools,Shang Yang and Han Feizi’s negation of“rites and music”for the implementation of the rule of law,and they all want to safeguard the interests of the ruling class. Zhuangzi denied“rites and music”from the perspective of health preservation. Although there are great differences between the positive and negative,the musical aesthetic thoughts of the internal representatives of all parties are also different. They pay attention to the political and ethical attributes and aesthetic attributes of music.Through debate and collision,the pre-Qin scholars jointly promoted these two attributes of music.