比类:汉语思维与传统文学批评的过程性特质

Analogy: Chinese Thinking and the Process Characteristics of Traditional Literary Criticism

比类即古人谈艺论文时常随文取便,援引与文学无涉的领域描述创作鉴赏过程,并用多领域概念展开批评的现象。它不仅是一种修辞技巧或批评方法,更是由汉语造字时的跨类联想所决定的普遍言说方式和致思模式,清代小学家戴震便将“六书”中的比类视为传统比兴批评的基础。因汉语与印欧语中种属明确、层级清晰的表述习惯有本质区别,为了整体把握比类的思维特质,有必要借助“精神科学”对语言与推理逻辑关系的反思,以确认所谓传统文学批评的“零碎散漫”“不成系统”并非缺点,而是更契合于体验过程性的特点,进而强调古文论的研究应回归立足“汉语性”的“总体史”和“过程史”,不再执着于体系建构的“观念史”。

Analogy is a common method in ancient Chinese literary criticism,which means that critics like to use concepts in different fields for literary eriticism.The criticism of analogy rllects a cross category thinking mode,which originates from the cross category imagination when Chinese characters were created.Therefore,Dai Zhen,a linguist in the Qing Dynasty,believed that the thinking way of exposition(赋),comparison(比)and afctive image(兴)in traditional literary theory is as same as the cross category imagination.This paper studies analogy from the perspective of humane studies(Geisteswissenschaften),pointing out that Chinese is different from Indo-European languages and does not use logical expression.Compared with Indo-European languages,Chinese thinking lays stress on process and is more suitable for describing experience(Erlebnis).Therefore,the study of the history of Chinese literary criticism should pay more attention to the process and overall history,rather than the history of ideas.