方法抑或法律原则——经济分析方法在民法解释学中的地位

Method or Principle:The Role of Economic Analysis in Civil Law Doctrine

法教义学与社科法学的纷争需要在具体部门法的视阈中求解。在民法领域,经济分析方法与解释学方法具有内在冲突。从民法解释学角度讲,民法法源理论具有历史、哲学和宪法基础,而且以民事制定法作为法律发现的起点具有其妥当性与必要性,以及诸多民事规范具有反效率的意图,因此经济分析方法无法替代解释学范式。从经济分析方法角度讲,其权衡过程所具有的论题学本质使之最终沦为反效率的一般条款。不过,广义的经济分析方法能够在规范性事实发现和法的内部发现过程中发挥作用。真正意义上的经济分析方法应当转换为效率原则,效率作为原则具有宪法与民法上的实在性及规范基础。效率原则的最佳化实现必须经受与之冲突的民法原则的权衡。在效率原则的具体化层面,私法自治原则蕴含了效率的取向,因此效率原则的适用具有备位性;在与其他冲突原则的权衡过程中,应当铺陈所有相关的制度利益,并通过比例原则实现效率原则的最佳化。

In adjudging the debate between legal doctrine and social science jurisprudence in legal interpretation, it is necessary to zoom in on the specific area of law. In civil law, economic analysis and legal doctrine are mutually exclusive. From the perspective of civil law doctrine, the source of civil law has its own historical, philosophical and constitutional foundations. It is appropriate and necessary to take civil law statutes as the starting point for legal interpretation. Many civil law norms even have anti-efficiency intentions. Therefore, the economic analysis of law cannot substitute civil law doctrine. From the perspective of economic analysis, the thematic nature of its weighing process turns it ultimately into an inefficient general clause. However, economic analysis, in a broader sense, could be used as the method to ascertain normative facts and discover the law. As a method of justification, the economic analysis should be transformed into the principle of efficiency, which has a positive and normative basis in constitutional law and civil law. The optimal realization of the principle of efficiency must be weighed against other conflicting principles of civil law. In the process of concretization, the principle of private autonomy is largely efficiency-minded;thus, the principle of efficiency could only be subsidiarily applied. In the process of weighing against other conflicting principles, all relevant institutional interests should be laid out, and efficiency should be realized through the principle of the proportionality principle.