多元文化背景下唐代九隆传说探析

Analysis of the Jiulong Legend in the Tang Dynasty from a Multicultural Perspective

九隆传说是西南地区历史悠久、流传广泛的族源传说。本文以历时性的研究视角和比较研究的方法,分析了唐代流传于洱海地区的九隆传说所发生的演变,并分析产生这种变化的原因。在唐代,为了遏制吐蕃的扩张,唐太宗支持蒙舍诏统一洱海地区建立南诏,成为了唐蕃之间的缓冲地带。与此同时,在以蒙氏为中心的社会结构下,九隆传说也出现在了南诏蒙氏的祖先故事中,它超越了祖先故事的范畴而具有了政治功能。作为在唐蕃两大政权之间生存的少数民族政权,中原文化对于南诏产生了很强的辐射与影响,由于南诏统治者对汉文化的认同,九隆传说也成为南诏协调与唐政治关系的纽带。同时,由于佛教在洱海地区的传播,九隆传说又被纳入到佛教文化体系之内,成为统治者统一部酋文化、建立文化认同的工具。文章认为九隆传说从早期的单一线性叙述到唐代演绎成为粘着了多种文化因素的故事体系不仅是由于统治者的政治操弄,也是多种文化因素共同作用的结果,中原文化、佛教文化和本土文化都对其产生了深刻影响。

Jiulong is considered a legend having ethnic origins that has a long history and has been widespread all over the Southwest of China.Using diachronic and comparative study methods,this article traces the changes of the legend in the Erhai area during the Tang dynasty and further analyzes the drive behind it.Historical records indicate that the evolution of the legend of Jiulong in the Tang Dynasty appears to be closely related to the political relationship in Southwestern China. In order to curb the expansion of Tubo,Emperor Taizong of Tang supported the political power of Mengshe to unify the Erhai area and establish Nanzhao,which ended up becoming a buffer zone between Tang and Tubo.From the perspective of the political situation in the Southwest during the Tang Dynasty,Nanzhao-a local ethnic minority regime living in the narrow gap between two powerful political forces,Tubo and Tang-had to choose between aligning with either Tubo or Tang. This choice depended on which rule would serve Nanzhao’s survival and development best. The ensuing relationship between Nanzhao and Tang Dynasty was decided by political interdependence,mutual benefit,and reciprocal recognition of cultural identity. The influence of the more advanced Tang culture on Nanzhao lasted for hundreds of years,the centripetal force of Tang culture being the deeper root of the development of bilateral relations. The process of the development of the relationship between the Tang Dynasty and Nanzhao also played an important part in the formation of a pattern of diversity in unity of the Chinese nation,which laid a solid foundation for the central government’s policy of promoting integrated development of Yunnan and the Central Plains in Yunnan after the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Another reason for the evolution of Jiulong legend appears to be the spread of Buddhism under a social structure centered on Mengshi,findings show. By the late Nanzhao period,the Erhai area had been deeply influenced by Buddhism. In the biography of Nanzhao Tuzhuan,the royal family was depicted as a devout supporter,having constructed a Buddha-king system centered on the royal family. In the creation myth of the royal family at the time,the descendants of Asoka abdicated the throne in favor of Xinuluo,who was born to Sha Yi after impregnation by a dragon,thus interrelating the Nanzhao royal family with Asoka. This provided the origins of the royal family of Nanzhao with a double sacredness,one from the dragon,the other from Asoka. In addition,the local myth of Jinma and Biji( golden horse and jade clock) has also been incorporated into the folktales of the Jiulong legend. The evolution of this Jiulong legend in this period resulted from the wide spread of Buddhism in the Erhai area during the late Nanzhao period. In this legend narration,Jiulong was culturally constructed as the biological ancestor of Mengshi and having a connection with Asoka,which enhanced the sanctity of the Mengshi’s royal power. The addition of local cultural factors facilitates the legend’s acceptance,enhances the homogeneity of regional culture and constructs self-identity.The legend of ancestors is part of the collective memory of an ethnic group and establishes identity and enhances ethnic self-awareness. As part of the social structure and discourse system centered on Mengshi in the Erhai area of the Tang Dynasty,the legend of Jiulong surpassed the category of ancestral stories and rose to the rank of ancestor legend with a political function based on cultural construction. From the earliest single linear narration to the Tang Dynasty deduction,Jiulong became a story system with many cultural traits. It was not only the result of political manipulation by the rulers but also of the interaction of various cultural factors. Central Plains culture,Buddhist culture,and local culture had a profound impact on it.