后生元在结直肠癌防治中的应用潜能

Potential application of postbiotics in prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer

后生元是指对宿主有益的无生命微生物及其组分的制剂,主要包括微生物本身的成分如细胞壁和胞壁肽,以及微生物代谢产生的产物。与之前的益生菌、益生元、合生元产品相比,后生元具有固定的化学结构、微生物已灭活而安全无毒的特性、更长的保质期等优点。近年来,结直肠癌的发病率增高呈现刻不容缓的态势,其与肠道微生物的关系也受到了人们的关注。在健康的肠道中,肠道微生物与宿主细胞相互作用,调节肠道的能量获取、代谢和免疫反应。当肠道微生物受到环境、病原微生物侵袭等多种因素影响时,会出现菌群失调,破坏肠道免疫,诱导结直肠癌的发生、发展。一些后生元如短链脂肪酸、胞外多糖、色氨酸代谢物等通过不同的机制展现抗癌活性,为结直肠癌的防治提供了新方向,但具体的临床可行性和治疗策略仍需进一步探究。本综述旨在通过介绍后生元的定义、分类、作用机制及其与结直肠癌的关系,结合国内外相关的最新研究进展,为后生元在结直肠癌防治中的应用提供理论依据。

Postbiotics refer to preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host, mainly including the components of the microorganism itself such as cell wall, cellular peptides and microbial metabolites.Postbiotics have the advantages of fixed chemical structure, safe and non-toxic properties due to inactivated microorganisms, and longer shelf life, compared to probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotic products. In recent years, the incidence of colorectal cancer has increased rapidly, and the relationship between colorectal cancer and gut microbiota has been more studied. Gut microorganisms interact with host cells in healthy intestines, modulating energy acquisition, metabolism and immune response. Dysbiosis occurs when microbiota is disturbed by environment, invasion of pathogenic microorganisms and other factors, stimulating occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. Studies have confirmed that some postbiotics, such as short chain fatty acids, exopolysaccharides and tryptophan metabolites, can exhibit anticancer activity through different mechanisms, providing a new vision for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer, but the specific clinical feasibility and treatment strategies still need to be further explored. This review focuses on the definition, classification, mechanism of postbiotics and its connection with colorectal cancer, along with the latest research progress at home and abroad, providing a theoretical basis for the application in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.