中国共产党成立以来我国农村互助养老的历史叙事与发展路径

Historical Narrative and Development Path of Rural Mutual Pension in China since the Founding of the Communist Party of China

要实现全体人民共同富裕的中国式现代化,就必须高度重视农村老年人的养老问题。基于独特的历史文化与农村社会生态,互助养老成为农村养老服务供给不足的有效补充。作为以人民为中心的政党,中国共产党自成立以来就非常重视农村养老问题,尤为注重发挥互帮互助传统文化在农村养老中的重要作用,不断进行政策设计与完善,以推进我国农村互助养老发展。农村互助养老发展大致经历了宗亲互助养老、生产合作社互助养老、集体互助养老、社会互助养老和互助养老制度化规范化共5个阶段,并呈现出以下显著特征:互助主体以伦理文化资本为核心,家庭始终发挥核心功能;互助内容以社会组织资本为指引,由单纯经济救济到老年人力资源开发;互助方式以正式制度资本为保障,从代际互助向代际互助与老老互助相结合转变。发展农村互助养老需秉持社会资本视角,聚焦互助养老之主体、内容、方式,完善法律法规等正式制度资本,提升农村互助养老服务水平。同时,亦要发挥农村社会组织资本力量,彰显互助养老共同体之优势;弘扬农村伦理文化资本,营造敬老孝老的社会氛围,促进农村老人共享经济发展成果,助力共同富裕最终实现。

In order to realize the Chinese path to modernization of common prosperity for all people,we must attach great importance to the elderly care in rural areas.Based on China’s unique historical culture and rural social ecology,mutual aid pensions are an effective supplement to the inadequate supply of rural pension services.As a people centered political party,the CPC has attached great importance to the issue of rural old-age care since its establishment,especially focusing on the important role of the traditional culture of mutual assistance in rural old-age care,constantly carrying out policy design and improvement,and promoting the development of mutual assistance in rural old-age care in China.China’s rural mutual old-age care has gone through five stages:mutual old-age care by clansmen,mutual old-age care by production cooperatives,collective mutual old-age care,social mutual old-age care,and institutionalized and standardized mutual old-age care.And it presents the following significant characteristics.The main body of mutual assistance takes ethical and cultural capital as its core,and the family always plays its core function.The content of mutual assistance is guided by social organization capital,from simple economic relief to the development of human resources for the elderly.The way of mutual assistance is guaranteed by formal institutional capital,and it changes from intergenerational mutual assistance to the combination of intergenerational mutual assistance and mutual assistance for the elderly.The development of rural mutual old-age care needs to uphold the perspective of social capital,focus on the subject,content and mode of mutual old-age care,improve the formal institutional capital such as laws and regulations,and improve the level of rural mutual old-age care services.Meanwhile,it is necessary to bring into play the capital power of rural social organizations to highlight the advantages of mutual old-age care community,promote the ethical and cultural capital of rural areas,create a social atmosphere of respecting and loving the elderly,promote the rural elderly to share the fruit of economic development,and help the ultimate realization of common prosperity.