生态环境损害惩罚性赔偿的逻辑理路与适用规则——基于功能主义视角的分析

The logic path and application rules of punitive compensation for ecological and environmental damage:Analysis from the perspective of functionalism

民法典第1232条规定的环境侵权惩罚性赔偿制度能否适用于生态环境损害,理论界存在着“肯定说”与“否定说”。在功能主义视域下,生态环境损害惩罚性赔偿是公私法融合的产物,表现为公法性的惩罚性赔偿金和私法性的启动方式。拘泥于刑法的谦抑性倾向和严格的责任认定规则,以及行政执法的缺陷,通过惩罚性赔偿激活了生态环境损害诉讼的公共规制功能,回应了环境治理中的威慑不足。基于审慎谦抑原则,生态环境损害惩罚性赔偿的适用范围应当与生态环境损害赔偿的法定范围相一致;适用方式既可以通过诉讼也可以通过磋商;构成要件包括行为违法、主观故意、造成严重后果。惩罚性赔偿数额量定应遵循比例原则,确定惩罚数额的分档计算规则。至于是否将已有的行政罚款和罚金从惩罚性赔偿数额中折抵,完全取决于惩罚性赔偿数额有没有超过报应与威慑之需。

There are"positive theory and negative theory"in the theoretical circle of whether the punitive compensation system for environmental tort stipulated in Article 1232 of the Civil Code can be applied to ecological and environmental damage.From the perspective of functionalism,punitive damages for ecological environment damage are the products of the integration of public and private laws,manifested as punitive damages of public law and the starting mode of private law.The modest tendency restrained by the Criminal Law,the strict liability identification rules,and the defects of Administrative Law enforcement activate the public regulation function of ecological environment damage litigation through punitive compensation and respond to the lack of deterrence in environmental governance.Based on the principle of prudence and modesty,the scope of application of punitive compensation for ecological environment damage should be consistent with the legal scope of ecological environment damage compensation;The way of application can be through litigation or consultation;The constitutive elements include illegal behavior,subjective intention and serious consequences.The number of punitive damages should follow the principle of proportion and determine the grading calculation rules of the amount of punishment.As for whether to detain the existing administrative fines and fines from the number of punitive damages,it is completely up to whether the number of punitive damages exceeds the need of retribution and deterrence.