笔谈:困境与突破——传统营造技艺保护传承问题的现实反思

Challenges and Breakthroughs: Rethinking the Conservation and Inheritance of Traditional Building Practices Based on Reality

百年未有的新变局和新挑战为复兴中华传统文化提供了机遇与挑战,传统建筑文化中的传统营造技艺的保护与传承问题同样如此。传统营造技艺能否保护与传承下去,取决于是否能够获得社会需求和市场规律,政策的倾斜,以及社会文化意识等三方面的支撑。同时还须处理好传承与创新、“生产型传承”、创造保障条件、传统建筑营造与文物建筑保护维修等关系问题。传统营造技艺从概念上可分为狭义和广义两种,在保护方法上包括抢救性保护、建造性(生产性)保护、研究性保护、数字化保护等。“技艺”传承的不仅仅是手艺更应该是文化。只有在全人类文明视域下认识中华文明的特征和价值,才能重视中华传统文化观念形态和知识体系构建中的问题,也才能充分发挥传统营造技艺的传承作用,并使传统技艺中的精髓获得延续。

Momentous changes and difficulties of a scale unseen in a century provide opportunities and challenges for revitalizing traditional Chinese culture. Conservation and inheritance of traditional building practices in traditional Chinese architectural culture also face new opportunities and challenges. Whether traditional practices can be conserved and inherited depends on the following: whether there is any demand for them in society, whether there are any market rules for it, whether it is favored by policies, and whether there are social and cultural awareness about it. At the same time, various relations, including those among inheritance, innovation and productivity, and different issues such as creation of conditions for conservation of traditional building practices, and conservation and repair of buildings listed as cultural heritage sites, need to be dealt with carefully. As far as their definitions are concerned, traditional building practices can be categorized into two categories, namely, general and specific practices. As far as conservation methods are concerned, they are as follows: heritage rescue, lively heritage conservation, conservation of heritage authenticity, conservation of heritage integrity, productive conservation, demonstration-based conservation, and digitalization of conservation. The conservation of traditional practices makes not only skills but also culture inheritable. Only if the characteristics and value of Chinese culture are understood from the perspective of civilization of the whole human beings, can the ideologies and knowledge system development based on traditional Chinese culture attract much attention. Hence, traditional building practices can become inheritable, and the essence of traditional practices may be passed on to future generations, too.