文物病害图绘制规范化研究——关于病害图示设计的思考

On the Standardization of Diagrammatic Sketch Drawing for Heritage Damages: Thinking on the Design of Damage Signs

文物病害图是一种借助相关图示元素将文物病害信息以图像形式直观表现出来的信息记录方法,其广泛运用于文物修复方案与文物信息档案的编写之中。病害图的规范与否直接影响着文物病害信息传递的完整性、文物保护方式选择的准确性与文物信息档案留存的全面性。而文物病害图示作为构成文物病害图的基本元素,其本身绘制的科学性、设计的合理性与运用的标准性便显得尤为重要。本文以文物病害图示设计原理研究为主要内容,参照对比部分文物的“病害分类与图示”,对文物病害图中的基本元素——病害图示作出了理论性的探讨。采用类比法、文献研究法等科学方法,结合了设计学中标识设计的基本概念与文物的基本特性,提出文物病害图示设计中应遵循差异性与同一性、实用性与艺术性的设计原则。同时针对现有文物病害图示中所存在的不完善、不严谨等问题以及图示绘制模糊所存在的隐患作出了说明并提出具象化设计、抽象化设计与意象化设计三种文物图示设计思路。

A growing number of scholars have come to realize that the significance of heritage conservation lies in the protection and restoration of the artifact per se, as well as the transfer and preservation of the information of the heritage’s value. Heritage damage diagrammatic drawing, as an information recording approach that directly demonstrates the information of heritage damages in the form of images by using related graphic elements, is widely employed in the heritage restoration scheme and the documentation of heritage information. It is an important component in the process of heritage conservation and restoration. The standardization level of damage schematics directly affects the complete information transfer of heritage damage, the accurate selection of heritage conservation method and the comprehensive preservation of heritage documentation. It is of crucial importance to handle the signage of heritage damages, which is a fundamental element in the heritage damage diagrammatic sketches, with scientific graphic drawing,reasonable design and standardized application.This paper takes research on the design principle of heritage damage signs as the main content, and carries out a theoretical discussion on the damage sign—the basic element in the heritage damage diagrammatic sketches—based on the damage classification and graphic signs of some artifacts. Specifically, it deploys the scientific methods such as analogy and literature research, and combines the fundamental concept of logo design drawn from design science with the basic characteristics of heritage. According to the research results, we put forth the design principle that some pairs of criteria should be complied with in the sign design of heritage damage, namely, otherness vs. oneness and practicality vs. artistry. In addition, we expound on the issues such as incompleteness and imprecision that exist in the heritage damage graphic signs, as well as the potential problems that might be caused by inexplicit graphic drawing, and propose three design directions for heritage signs: representational design, abstract design and design with imagery.Instead of studying the drawing approaches of the heritage damage diagrammatic sketches, this paper, for the first time, delves into the basic theory and concept of such drawings. It empirically delineates the fundamental principles for damage sign design, and perfects its design methods by taking both the theory of design science and heritage’s specific features into consideration. These all provide a solid theoretical foundation for the data bank of heritage damage pictograms. This paper is expected to accelerate research on the standardization of the diagrammatic sketch drawing for heritage damages, which will help to enhance the quality of heritage conservation.