西夏语中的“愚”

"Foolish" in Tangut Language

西夏文同义为“愚”的字共计十三个。夏译汉籍中,“■、■、■、■、■、■”六字基本未使用;“■”表“愚”时,常与“智”相对使用;“寿”多用音译;“■、■”常与另一字组成形容词使用;“■”可作形容词与名词连用,构成组合名词。《论语全解·公冶长》中,将宁武子之“愚”译为“■”,除去本义不慧、迟钝之外,还蕴含赞扬宁武子于君危难之时,仍愿斡旋于风险之间,同时又能保全自身的延伸含义。这些示例说明,西夏译者在汉籍夏译时的用字有一定的规律和习惯。

There are thirteen characters synonymous with "foolish" in Tangut.In the ancient books translated from Chinese to Tangut, "■" are basically not used;when "■" means "stupid",it is often used against "intelligence";"■" is used as transliteration;"■" are used often form adjectives with another word;"■" can be used as an adjective and other nouns to form a combined noun.In Gongyechang of Full Explanation to the Analects,Ning Wuzi’s "Foolish" was be translated into "■",in addition to the original meaning of being unwise and be slow in reacting,it also contains the extended meaning of praising Ning Wuzi for his willingness to mediate between risks and at the same time to protect himself when he was in danger.These examples show that Xixia translators had their own rules and habits when they translated Chinese books.